مفهوم علم در تمدن اسلامي در قرون وسطي، واقع گرايي و انقلاب در مشاهده طبيعت

The concept of science in Islamic civilization in the Middle Ages, realism and revolution in the scientific method

ﻣﯿﺮاث ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﺗﻤﺪن ﺑﻪواﺳﻄﮥ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﻗﺮون وﺳﻄﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ رﺳﯿﺪ و ﺑﻪ دورۀ ﻣﺪرن ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪ. در ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻋﻠﻮم، ﺗﻤﺪن اﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﺑﺨﺶ ﮐﺎﻟﺒﺪي ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻋﻠﻢ اﺳﺖ. ﺳﺎرﺗﻦ، ﭘﯿﺶ از دوراﻧﺖ و ﺗﻮﯾﻦ ﺑﯽ، زﻣﯿﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﺳﯿﺮ ﺗﻤﺪنﻫﺎ در ﻋﺮﺻﮥ ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ را ﺑﯿﺎن ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ. ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد دﯾﻦ در ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺗﻤﺪن دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﻣﺸﺘﺮك آنﻫﺎ اﺳﺖ. ﺗﻤﺪن اﺳﻼﻣﯽ، ﭘﺲ از ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻣﻐﺮب و اﻧﺪﻟﺲ، زﻣﯿﻨﮥ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺗﻤﺪن را ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﻮد، ﺧﺎورﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن ﺑﺎ ﭘﺪﯾﺪارﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺗﻤﺪن اﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﭘﺎراداﯾﻢ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺗﯽ در اﯾﻦ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ دادهاﻧﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ ﻗﺮنﻫﺎ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺑﻪوﺳﯿﻠﮥ اﺑﻦ ﺧﻠﺪون در ﮔﺰارش ﺑﯿﺶ از ﻧُﻪ ﻗﺮن ﺗﺠﺮﺑﮥ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﺑﺸﺮ در ﻗﺮون وﺳﻄﯽ، ﺑﺎ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ازﻋﻠﻢ در روش و ﻏﺎﯾﺖ و ﺗﻔﮑﯿﮏ داﻧﺶ از ﺟﻬﻞ ﺧﺮاﻓﺎت، اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﻋﻠﻢ در ﺗﻤﺪن اﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﯿﺮ ﻣﯿﺮاث ﮐﻼﺳﯿﮏ ﻋﻠﻢ و ﺗﻤﺪن روم، ﯾﻮﻧﺎن، اﺳﮑﻨﺪرﯾﻪ و اﯾﺮان اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﻋﻠﻢ در ﺗﻤﺪن اﺳﻼﻣﯽ در زﻣﯿﻨﮥ ﻋﻠﻮم ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ و ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﻣﯽﭘﺮدازﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ از رﻫﮕﺬر آن ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ و ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ آن درﺑﺎرۀ ﺷﯿﻤﯽ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﻘﻄﮥ ﺷﺮوع روش ﻋﻠﻤﯽ در ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻋﻠﻢ و اﻧﻘﻼب ﻋﻠﻤﯽ در ﻗﺮون وﺳﻄﯽ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ. ﻓﺮﺿﯿﮥ ﺗﮑﻤﯿﻠﯽ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ زﻣﯿﻨﮥ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﯽ و دﯾﻨﯽ و ﻋﻠﺖ زاﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﻤﺪن اﺳﻼﻣﯽ در ﻗﺮون وﺳﻄﯽ ﺳﯿﺮۀ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﭘﯿﺎﻣﺒﺮ اﺳﻼم و واﻗﻊﮔﺮاﯾﯽ در ﮐﺴﺐ داﻧﺶ اﺳﺖ و داﻧﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﻠﻤﯿﻦ در ﻗﺮون وﺳﻄﯽ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ اﯾﻦ ﻧﮕﺮش ﺑﻪ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﭘﯿﺪا ﮐﺮد، و ﻣﺤﻤﺪ )ص( ﺳﺮآﻣﺪ اﻧﺒﯿﺎ در ﺗﻤﺪنﺳﺎزي اﺳﺖ.

The ancient heritage of civilization was finally evolved by medieval societies and transferred to modern era. In time division of history of science, Islamic civilization is physical part of history of science. Before Durant and Toynbee, Sarton has described the backgrounds of the course of civilizations in international arena. The function of religion in production of civilization is their common view. Islamic civilization, after its expansion through Maghreb and Andalusia, paved way for transmission of civilization. Orientalists, with phenomenology of Islamic civilization, have formed a paradigm of studies in this field. This research operation was carried out centuries ago by Ibn Khaldun in report of more than nine centuries of human scientific experience in Middle Ages with a new division of science into method and end and separation of knowledge from superstition ignorance. This concept of science in Islamic civilization is the cause of course of classical heritage of science and civilization of Rome, Greece, Alexandria and Iran. This research studies concept of science in the field of nature and basic sciences in Islamic civilization, and according on that, its development and evolution in chemistry will be proposed which is the first step of scientific method in the history of science and scientific revolution in Middle Ages. The supplementary hypothesis of research is that philosophical and religious background and the cause of fertility of Islamic civilization in Middle Ages, is the scientific life of Prophet of Islam, and also the realism in acquiring knowledge and knowledge of Muslims in Middle Ages developed with this attitude to nature and Muhammad (PBUH), was the pioneer of prophets in civilization.