روش هاي محاسبه عرض جغرافيايي مواضع زمين در كتاب تحديد نهايات الاماكن ابوريحان بيروني

methods of calculating the latitude of the earth's dispositions in the book of Determining the ends of the places to correct the distances of the dwellings Tahdid Nih ̅aya ̅t Al- Ama ̅kin by Abu ̅ al-Rayha ̅n al-Bi ̅ru ̅ni ̅

ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎي رﯾﺎﺿﯽ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻮﻣﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻋﻠﻢ دورۀ اﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﺗﺎ ﻗﺮن ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﻗﻤﺮي/ ﯾﺎزدﻫﻢ ﻣﯿﻼدي ﺷﮑﻠﯽ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ و ﻣﺪون ﻧﺪارد و ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺪه، ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً در آﺛﺎر ﻧﺠﻮﻣﯽ و ﻋﻠﻢ ﻫﯿﺌﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﯿﮕﯿﺮي اﺳﺖ. ﮐﺘﺎب ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺎت اﻷﻣﺎﮐﻦ ﻟﺘﺼﺤﯿﺢ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺎﮐﻦ اﺑﻮرﯾﺤﺎن ﺑﯿﺮوﻧﯽ )362- ﺑﻌﺪ از442ق/ 1048 /973م( ﻧﺨﺴﺘﯿﻦ ﻣﻮرد در اﯾﻦ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ در ﺗﻤﺪن اﺳﻼﻣﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎً ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎي رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس دادهﻫﺎي رﺻﺪي وي در آن ﮔﻨﺠﺎﻧﺪه ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﯾﮑﯽ از اﯾﻦ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﯽ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻮاﺿﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻮده ﮐﻪ ﻃﻮل و ﻋﺮض را ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﺪه و در اﯾﻦ اﺛﺮ ﺑﻪﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﻣﻮرد ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻫﺪف اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ روشﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﮥ ﻋﺮض ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎي ﻣﻮاﺿﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در ﮐﺘﺎب ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﺑﻮرﯾﺤﺎن ﺑﯿﺮوﻧﯽ اﺳﺖ. وي ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ روش ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﺮض ﻣﮑﺎنﻫﺎ را ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻗﺎﻋﺪهﻫﺎي ﮐﻠﯽ و ﻗﺎﺑﻞﺗﻌﻤﯿﻢ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺧﻮد ﻗﺮار داده اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ اﮔﺮﭼﻪ در ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻣﻮارد ﺷﮑﻞ ﮐﺎﻣﻼً ﻧﻮآوراﻧﻪاي ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ، اﻣﺎ از ﻟﺤﺎظ روش اراﺋﻪ در ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻋﻠﻢ دورۀ اﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﺣﺎﺋﺰ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.

Mathematical geography is one of the sciences that does not have an independent and codified form in the history of Islamic science up to the fifth AH /eleventh century AD and it could be traced in a scattered manner, mainly in astronomical works and the science of the board. Tahdid, Ab al-Rayh n al-B r n 's book is the first case in this field in Islamic civilization, in which almost all the components of mathematical geography are included based on his observational data. One of these main components is determining the geographical coordinate of different positions, which includes latitude and longitude, that has been well researched in this work. The goal of this research is analyzing approaches in calculating latitude of various positions in Tahdid, the book of al-B r n . He has studied the width of different places in three different ways, using general and generalizable rules, which, although in some cases, are not completely innovative; But in terms of presentation method in the history of science in the Islamic era, are very important.