بازسازي و تطور علوم حكمي(منطق و فلسفه) در ايران عصر ايلخانان (736-654 ق)

Reconstruction and Evolution of the Science of Wisdom (Logic and Philosophy) in Iran during Ilkhanid Era (653-736 AH)

از ﻧﮕﺎه ﺑﺴﯿﺎري از ﻣﻮرﺧﯿﻦ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ و ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮان ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ، ﺣﻤﻠﮥ ﻣﻐﻮل و ﺣﺎﮐﻤﯿﺖ اﯾﻠﺨﺎﻧﺎن ﺑﺮ اﯾﺮان )736-654 ق( ﻣﻮﺟﺐ وﯾﺮاﻧﯽ ﻣﺮاﮐﺰ آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ و رﮐﻮد ﻋﻠﻢ و داﻧﺶ در اﯾﻦ ﺳﺮزﻣﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺣﺎل آﻧﮑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﺳﻨﺎد و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﮥ آﺛﺎر ﻋﻠﻤﯽ داﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪان اﯾﻦ دوره ﺑﯿﺎﻧﮕﺮ آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻠﯽرﻏﻢ ذﻫﻨﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد، ﻋﺼﺮ اﯾﻠﺨﺎﻧﯽ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﺤﻮل و ﻓﺮاواﻧﯽ ﻣﺮاﮐﺰ آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ و اﺣﯿﺎي دوﺑﺎرۀ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﺑﻪوﯾﮋه در ﺣﻮزۀ ﻋﻠﻮم ﻋﻘﻠﯽ و ﺣﮑﻤﯽ، ﯾﮑﯽ از ادوار ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﯾﺮان ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺮ آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روﯾﮑﺮد ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﻲ- ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ، آﺛﺎر ﻣﻨﻄﻘﯽ و ﻓﻠﺴﻔﯽ داﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪان ﻋﺼﺮ اﯾﻠﺨﺎﻧﺎن را ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار دﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ دﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ آﯾﺎ اﺳﺘﯿﻼي ﻣﻐﻮل و ﺣﺎﮐﻤﯿﺖ اﯾﻠﺨﺎﻧﺎن ﺳﺒﺐ اﻓﻮل ﻋﻠﻮم ﺣﮑﻤﯽ )ﻣﻨﻄﻖ و ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ( در اﯾﺮان ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ؟ و ﯾﺎ آﻧﮑﻪ، در اﯾﻦ دوره ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺑﺎزﺳﺎزي و ﺗﻄﻮر اﯾﻦ ﻋﻠﻮم در اﯾﺮان ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﺨﺸﯽ از ﻗﻠﻤﺮو ﺗﻤﺪن اﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ؟ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺎﮐﻤﯿﺖ اﯾﻠﺨﺎﻧﺎن ﺑﻪرﻏﻢ ﺗﻤﺎم وﯾﺮاﻧﯽﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﯾﻮرش ﻣﻐﻮل، در ﭘﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻧﻬﺎد آﻣﻮزش در دﺳﺖ داﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪان اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪرتﻫﺎي ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ، ﻋﻠﻮم ﻋﻘﻠﯽ ﺑﻪوﯾﮋه ﻣﻨﻄﻖ و ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺑﺎر دﯾﮕﺮ در ﮐﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﺠﺎﻣﻊ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﭘﯿﺎﻣﺪ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻮل ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﻮارﯾﺚ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﮕﺎن و دﺳﺘﺎوردﻫﺎي ﻧﻮﯾﻦ در ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﯾﻦ ﻋﻠﻮم ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ.

According to many past historians and contemporary scholars, the Mongol invasion and their rule over Iran has caused the destruction of educational centers and the stagnation of science and knowledge in this land. However, the study of historical documents and sources and the study of scientific works of scientists in this period indicate that despite the existing mentality, the Ilkhanate era in terms of evolution and frequency of educational centers and revival of scientific activities, especially in the field of intellectual sciences and science of wisdom, is one of the most important time periods in the history of Iran. This research intends to use a descriptive-analytical approach to study the logical and philosophical works of scientists of the Ilkhanate era to answer this question that whether the Mongol domination and rule of the Ilkhanate caused the decline of The Science of Wisdom (logic and philosophy) in Iran or, in this period, the conditions for the reconstruction and evolution of these sciences in Iran as a part of the realm of Islamic civilization have been provided? The result of this study shows that with the rule of the Ilkhanate, in spite of all the devastation caused by the Mongol invasion, after that the educational institution was handled by Iranian thinkers close to political powers, intellectual sciences, especially logic and philosophy came to the attention of the scientific community. The consequence of this change has been the preservation of the past scientific heritage and new achievements in various branches of these sciences