آزاد انديشي ديني در قرن چهارم هجري: شاخصه ها و مباني

Religious free thought in the fourth century AH: characteristics and principles

قرن چهارم هجري را از درخشان ترين ادوار تاريخ و تمدن اسلامي از لحاظ تنوع فكري و آزادانديشيِ مسئولانه دانسته اند. برخي بين اين دوره و دوران رنسانس در مغرب زمين، همانندسازي كرده و بلكه آن را در نوزاييِ قرن پانزدهم، مؤثر دانسته اند. اگر جوهره ي آزادانديشي را انسان گرايي و عقلگرايي بدانيم، بايد چهارمين قرن هجري را از آزادانديش ترين ادوار تاريخ بشري بدانيم كه قرن ها پيش از نوزاييِ مغرب زمين، با دغدغه ي انسان زيست كرد و ميدان را در برابر عقل انسان بازگذاشت، اما هرگز ميان اين تفكر باز و آزاد در باب دلمشغولي هاي انساني و تعلق خاطر به دين و مذهب ناسازگاري اي نديد. از اين رو اين سخن برخي از انديشه نگاران قرن چهارم جا دارد كه انسان گراييِ اين دوره در عين حال كه از جنبه هاي فلسفي و ادبي برخوردار بود، انسان گرايي اي ديني بود و عقلگرايي اش همانطور كه از ميراث بشري و علوم الاوائل بهره مي برد، به داده هاي وحياني هم معتقد و متكي بود و البته از همسخني و گفت وگو با ملحدان و دين گريزان هم ابايي نداشت. بازكردن ابعاد اين آزادانديشيِ ديني و نشان دادن مشخصه ها و بنيادهاي نظري اش كه مهم ترينشان همان انسان گرايي و عقلگرايي است، هدفي است كه اين مقاله جويا و پيگير آن است.

The fourth century(A.H) is considered as the most brilliant period of Islamic history and civilization, for its variety of thinking and responsible free thinking. We can call this period, the age of scientific and philosophical circles far from dogmatism and known demarcations in the religious societies, and in the same time, different from some scientific circles in the new age which consider free thinking against commitment to the religion and divine relevance. If we accept the humanism and rationalism as the connonical core of free thinking, we should call the fourth Islamic century, as one of the most liberal periods of human history which appeared centuries before western Rennaisens with orientation of human concerns and rational approaches, but did not see any controversy between this open mind and commitment to the religion. Therefore, we can accept the idea of some idiographers of fourth century that the humanism of that period was religious one with signs of philosophy and literature, and its rationalism was feeded by divine data as well as human heritage and the knowledge of ancestors. It didn't refuse dialogue with non-religious and atheist peoples. This article tries to discover the dimensions of this religious free thinking and its characteristics and theoretical bases including humanism and rationalism which are the most important bases.