كليدواژه :
قالي بافي , عثماني , صفوي , ايران , آناتولي
چكيده فارسي :
قالي عثماني داراي گستره وسيعي از طرح و نقش، رنگ و بافت بوده كه در تاريخ قاليبافي جهان اهميت خاصي دارد. در مدت حكومت عثماني ها (1299-1922م) توليد قالي نسبت به دوره پيشين توسعه بيشتري پيدا كرد به گونه اي كه قرن شانزدهم و نيمه اول قرن هفدهم ميلادي باشكوه ترين اين دوره تلقي مي شود. با بررسي قالي هاي عثماني مي توان ردپاي هنر ايران را ملاحظه كرد. نفوذ هنر ايران در قالي عثماني بعد از فتح استانبول (1453م) شدت بيشتري مي گيرد و آثار آن، در تغيير طرح و نقش و بافت قالي ها ديده مي شود. به همين منظور، مي توان قالي عثماني را در دو گروه، دسته بندي كرد. هدف اين مقاله، بازشناسي قالي هاي دوره عثماني و عوامل تاثيرگذاري هنر ايران، در شكل گيري قالي هاي گروه دوم اين دوره است. براين اساس پرسش هاي مقاله حاضر اين است؛ چه قالي هايي از گروه دوم قالي هاي دوره عثماني تحت تاثير نفوذ هنر ايران بافته شده است؟ چه عواملي زمينه ساز تاثير هنر ايران بر شكل دهي به قالي هاي عثماني شدند؟ روش تحقيق توصيفي تحليلي تطبيقي است، گردآوري اطلاعات كتابخانه اي و بخشي از تصاوير از طريق جستجو در موزه ها تهيه شده است. يافته هاي تحقيق نشان مي دهد كه نفوذ فرهنگ و هنر ايراني از طريق مهاجرت اجباري و اختياري هنرمندان به دربار عثماني، هداياي پادشاهان، غارت و چپاول آثار هنري ايران توسط عثماني در زمان اشغال، صادرات قالي ايران به عثماني از عوامل تاثيرگذار بر هنر قالي بافي عثماني بوده است.
چكيده لاتين :
Ottoman carpet weaving has a wide range of designs and patterns, colors and weavings that are of special importance in the history of world carpet weaving. During the Ottoman rule (1299-1922 AD) carpet production flourished, so that the sixteenth century and the first half of the seventeenth century is considered the most glorious period. By examining the carpets of this period, one can see the traces of Iranian art. The influence of Iranian art on Ottoman carpets intensified after the conquest of Istanbul (1453 AD) and its effects can be seen in changing the design, pattern and weaving technique of carpets. For this purpose, Ottoman carpets can be historically divided into two groups. The first group includes carpets that are often woven before the 16th century and the influence of Iranian art and carpet weaving is not directly visible. This group of carpets continues the Seljuk style and their designs are geometric. Animal carpet, Holbein carpet are some of them. The second group is carpets that are woven and presented under the influence of Iranian art and artists. The main purpose of this paper is to examine the Ottoman carpet in order to identify the influential factors of Iranian art in the formation of the second group of Ottoman carpets. Accordingly, the main questions of the present article are: What carpets from the second group of carpets of the Ottoman period were woven under the influence of Iranian art? What are the influential factors of Iranian art in forming Ottoman carpets? The research method is descriptive-comparative analytical. The method of collecting information is library studies and some images have been obtained by searching in museums. Research findings show that some factors such as the influence of Iranian art, gifts of kings, forced and voluntary migration of artists to the Ottoman court, looting of Iranian works of art by the Ottomans during the occupation, and the export of Iranian carpets to the Ottomans are the main reasons for the expansion Ottoman carpet. Among Iranian arts, Safavid carpets have had the greatest impact on the formation of Ottoman carpets. Influence can be seen in the two components of the design, patterns and weaving of Ottoman carpets. Medallion, multi medallion, star medallion, prayer carpet design, animal and hunting design, tree design, herati design, khatai and arabesque designs are among their designs and patterns. Regarding the type of weaving, for the first time, Ottoman carpets (palace carpets) are woven with asymmetrical knots, which is unprecedented in the past. The density of knots is woven between 200000-700000 knots PSM and much finer than before. The main reason is the use of silk and very fine wool. The most influential factors can be seen in the identification of three groups of Ottoman carpets: 1) Ushak Carpets, especially carpets with medallion layouts, and star medallion carpet 2) Ottoman palace carpets: medallion carpet, carpet with saz (leaves) design, prayer carpet with natural (floral) design 3) Herke carpets: Hereke carpets are like Iranian carpets with medallion design, vagireh design, all over design, prayer carpet design.
