اصالت‌مندي مبتني بر زمان در آثار صنايع دستي براساس نظريه زيبايي‌شناسي تكاملي داتن (مطالعه موردي آثار خراطي)

Time-Based Authenticity in Handicrafts Based on Dutton's Theory of Evolutionary Aesthetics (A Case Study of Turning)

زمان يكي از عوامل تعيين و تبيين اصالت در حوزه‌هاي هنري و فرهنگي است. آثار صنايع‌دستي با گسترده‌ وسيع خود در بافت تاريخي، اجتماعي، زيبايي‌شناسي، بخشي از اصالت خود را مرهون عوامل مرتبط با زمان هستند كه داتن آن را از الزامات اصالت يك اثر هنري به شمار مي‌آورد. هدف پژوهش حاضر، تبيين نقش زمان و تأثيرگذاري اين مؤلفه در اصالت‌مندي آثار صنايع‌دستي با توجه به نظريه‌ي «زيبايي‌شناسي تكاملي داتن» و مطالعه موردي هنر خراطي در منطقه دزفول است. پرسش‌هاي اين پژوهش عبارتند از؛ 1- نقش زمان در تعيين اصالت صنايع دستي چيست و چگونه تبيين مي‌شود؟ 2- اين عنصر در هنر خراطي چگونه مرزبندي مي‌شود؟ روش تحقيق اين پژوهش كيفي و مسئله محور است كه به شيوه‌ي توصيفي ـ تحليلي به انجام رسيده است. در اين فرايند نخست داده‌ها از طريق، منابع كتابخانه‌اي و پايگاه‌هاي استنادي و همچنين روش ميداني گردآوري شد، سپس با تدقيق مفاهيم «اصالت» و «زمان» از ديدگاه داتن، به تحليل داده‌ها در خصوص سه مقوله «روح زمان»، «زمان صرف شده براي خلق اثر» و «تاريخ اثر» نتايج آن ارائه شد. نتايج اين پژوهش حاكي از اين است كه عناصر زماني اصالت از نظر داتن در برگيرنده روح زمان، تاريخ ساخت اثر و زمان صرف شده براي خلق اثر است كه تطبيق اين سه عنصر در آثار چوبي بدين شرح است: مقوله روح زمانه در آثار خراطي، به رسم و رسوم، تكنيك‌هاي خاص زمان توليد و نيز سنت شكني‌هاي خلاقانه دلالت دارد. همچنين موضوع صرف زمان در توليدات چوبي بر اساس نظريه داتن، ناظر بر ميزان زمان صرف شده در خلق اثر هنري است . مقوله ديگر از ديدگاه داتن، تاريخ اثر است كه در خراطي گواهي‌دهنده‌ي تأثير و تأثر اثر از دوره پيش از خود يا معاصرين است.

Abstract Authenticity is a sublime concept whose application to anything makes it valuable, and as a result it often finds a symbolic aspect, one of the consequences of which is usually to give economic value to that thing. Originality requires several components, of which time is one of the most important. Time plays an important role in understanding the concepts and meanings related to human life and its surrounding phenomena. The time of birth of living beings, the time of creation of an object or work of art, the period of life or time of death, and the like, are among the elements that give us a different interpretation of the surrounding phenomena. The photographic image of a historic building that has been destroyed and no longer exists embodies another aspect of the value of time for man. The role of time in collective memories and the formation of identities is another part of the value creation of time in peripheral phenomena.On the other hand, traditional handicrafts and skills are considered as part of indigenous cultural landscapes and intangible cultural heritage by global cultural institutions. This makes the preservation of the authenticity of traditional handicrafts particularly important for the preservation of this part of the cultural heritage. This is so important that, the global registration of traditional handicraft skills is one of the cultural concerns of countries and indicators such as the Nara document are used as a measure to examine the authenticity of tangible and intangible cultural heritage, they are also used in handicrafts. Based on this document, which includes various dimensions affecting originality, material and immaterial components of originality such as raw materials, design and form, method of construction, application and function, spatial and cultural context, spirit and feeling and the like are examined. an‎d each of these components can be evaluated in four dimensions: aesthetic, historical, social and scientific. Such measures deal with the set of material and immaterial factors of originality and valuable reasons for unique handicrafts, which the historical aspect mentioned in the Nara document also refers to the role of time in the components of originality (Derakhshani, 1399). In this study, according to Dutton's view on the type of expressive and nominal originality in works of handicrafts and indigenous arts, which is one of the cases mentioned by him in the theory of evolutionary aesthetics and the importance of time in this theory, an attempt has been made to influence the time component in originality. The art of carpentry is discussed according to his theory of evolutionary aesthetics and the principles and criteria for it are explained as much as possible. The questions of this research are: What is the role of time in determining the authenticity of handicrafts and how is this role explained and how is it demarcated in the field of handicrafts? In this research, exclusively one of the components of originality, namely the role of time and historical aspects in handicrafts, has been dealt with and the position of the element of time has been explained by using field information from the experience of masters called this art. Therefore, the present study, as a problem-oriented research, seeks to find practical solutions derived from the theories of thinkers, in order to promote the knowledge of producers and the originality of handicrafts as part of the living cultural heritage. Since the existence of such researches in the form of basic researches in the field of handicrafts and traditional arts seems necessary, doing them to pave the way to achieve the global framework of the originality of handicrafts is a priority of the research.