تبيين جامعه‌شناختي عوامل اجتماعي مؤثر بر ادراك فساد اداري(مورد مطالعه: ارباب‌رجوعان ادارات دولتي شهر ياسوج)

The Sociological Explanation of Social Factors Affecting the Perception of Corruption (Case Study: Clients Of Government Offices in Yasouj)

فساد ابزاري نامشروع براي برآوردن درخواست­هاي نامشروع از نظام اداري است و به‌طوركلي مي‌توان آن را سوء استفاده از اختيارات دولتي در راستاي كسب منافع فردي تعريف كرد. فساد اداري تا حد زيادي متأثر از نظام‌هاي اقتصادي، اجتماعي، فرهنگي، سياسي و قضايي است و با پيامدهاي منفي خود ضمن اينكه هزينه‌هاي توسعه را افزايش مي‌دهد، دور باطلي را نيز ايجاد مي‌كند كه برون‌رفتن از آن را بسيار مشكل مي‌كند. هريك از شاخص‌هاي توسعۀ انساني، اجتماعي و اقتصادي، همبستگي كاملاً معناداري با ميزان فساد دارند. ازآنجاكه ماهيت فساد پنهاني‌بودن آن است، يكي از روش‌هاي پديرفته‌شدۀ سنجش فساد اداري، ادراك فساد از ديد شهروندان است. منظور از ادراك فساد، نگرش افراد دربارۀ ميزان فساد موجود در بين كارمندان هريك از نهادهاي اداري است. اين تحقيق با روش كمّي، به شيوۀ پيمايشي و با روش نمونه گيري تصادفي ساده با نمونه‌اي 400 نفري در بين شهروندان مراجعه‌كننده به ادارات دولتي شهر ياسوج انجام شد و داده‌هاي به دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﻨﯿﮏ ﻣﺪلﺳﺎزي ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺎت ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري وارﯾﺎﻧﺲﻣﺤﻮر و ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺮماﻓـﺰار SmartPLS ﺗﺤﻠﯿـﻞ ﺷـﺪﻧﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘـﻪﻫـﺎ ﺣـﺎﮐﯽ از آن ﺑـﻮد ﮐـﻪ 51/5 درﺻـﺪ از ﭘﺎﺳﺨﮕﻮﯾﺎن را زﻧﺎن ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ دادﻧﺪ و 91/3 از آﻧﺎن از ﻗﻮم ﻟﺮ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي ﺗﺤﺼﯿﻞ 14/30 ﺳﺎل ﺑﻮد. ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ادراك ﻓﺴﺎد در ﺑﯿﻦ اﻋﻀﺎي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ )20/41( ﺑﻪﻃﻮر درﺧﻮر ﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ از ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﻃﯿﻒ )14( ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد. ﻣﯿﺰان دﯾﻨﺪاري ﻧﯿﺰ از ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺎﺗﺮ ﺑﻮد، وﻟـﯽ ﻣﯿـﺰان اﺣﺴﺎس ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ، ﻓﺮدﮔﺮاﯾﯽ ﺧﻮدﺧﻮاﻫﺎﻧﻪ و اﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻧﻬﺎدي از ﺳـﻄﺢ ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ ﻃﯿـﻒ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦﺗﺮ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮﻫﺎي دﯾﻨﺪاري و ﻓﺮدﮔﺮاﯾﯽ ﺧﻮدﺧﻮاﻫﺎﻧﻪ اﺛﺮي ﻣﺜﺒﺖ و ﻣﻌﻨﺎدار ﺑـﺮ ادراك ﻓﺴﺎد داﺷﺘﻨﺪ؛ ﺣﺎلآﻧﮑﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮﻫﺎي اﺣﺴﺎس ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ و اﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻧﻬﺎدي اﺛﺮي ﻣﻌﻨـﺎدار و ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﺑﺮ آن داﺷﺘﻨﺪ. ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﺣﺴﺎس ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺑﺎ اﺛﺮ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ 0/45- ﺑﯿﺸـﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ را ﺑﺮ ادراك ﻓﺴﺎد داﺷﺖ. درﻣﺠﻤﻮع، ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮﻫـﺎي ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﻞ اﯾـﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿـﻖ ﺗﻮاﻧﺴـﺘﻨﺪ 51/6 درﺻﺪ از وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ ادراك ﻓﺴﺎد را ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ.

Official corruption, which is generally defined as the illegal use of administrative and governmental powers for personal gain, has several negative consequences for society. This phenomenon occurrs largely due to economical, social, cultural, political and judicial systems, which affects all these dimensions in a vicious circle. Since national and international statistics indicate the high level of this phenomenon in Iran, the identification of some social factors affecting the formation of this phenomenon seems indispensable. Due to the secrecy in official corruption and the lack of clear statistics, the method of measuring the perception of corruption from the perspective of citizens was used to measure official corruption and its prevalence in this study. Perception of official corruption means the attitude of individuals about the level of official corruption among the employees of each administrative institution. The current research was done quantitatively using survey method, including a sample of 390 people from the citizens who had showed up in the governmental offices of Yasouj City. The results showed that the perception of official corruption among Yasoujian citizens was high as the average of this variable was estimated 20.41 but the average of its scale was equal to 14. The results also showed that age and income had a negative relationship, while education had a positive relationship with the perception of official corruption. In this way, the research independent variables such as religiosity, sense of social justice, individualism and institutional trust had a significant effect on the perception of official corruption. The variable of social justice sense with a standard effect of -0.45 had the greatest impact on the perception of official corruption. The results of the variance-based structural equations modeling showed that the independent variables used in this study can totaly account for 51.6% of the variance of corruption perception.