كليدواژه :
ﺳﻼحﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ , ﺣﻘﻮق ﻗﺮاردادي , ﺣﻘﻮق ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﻋﺮﻓﯽ , روﯾﻪ ﻗﻀﺎﯾﯽ
چكيده فارسي :
از اﺑﺘﺪاي ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﺗﺎ ﮐﻨﻮن ﺑﯿﻦ ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖﻫﺎ درﮔﯿﺮي و ﺟﻨﮓ وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ و آﻧﭽﻪ در اﯾﻦ ﺟﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺳﻼحﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﻠﮏ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ زدن ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮف ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺳﻼحﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ در اﯾﻦ ﺧﺼﻮص، ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎ ﻗﺮارﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺳﻼحﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ و ﺑﯿﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮏ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ اﻓﺮاد ﻧﻈﺎﻣﯽ و ﻏﯿﺮﻧﻈﺎﻣﯽ، ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪري ﻗﺒﯿﺢ و ﻣﺬﻣﻮم اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ دوﻟﺖﻫﺎي ﺑﻪﮐﺎرﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪه اﯾﻦ ﺳﻼحﻫﺎ، ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎً ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد آن را اﻧﮑﺎر ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ. اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺳﻼحﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ از ﯾﮏ ﺳﻮ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﻋﺮﻓﯽ و اﻟﺰامآور ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﻣﻤﻨﻮع ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ و از ﺳﻮي دﯾﮕﺮ، اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺳﻼحﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﻃﯽ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪات وﯾﮋهاي ﮐﻪ در اﯾﻦ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﻣﻨﻌﻘﺪﺷﺪه ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﻨﻊ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪه اﺳﺖ و ازﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪات ﮐﺎﻣﻞ و ﺟﺎﻣﻊ در ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻋﯿﺖ ﺳﻼحﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ »ﮐﻨﻮاﻧﺴﯿﻮن ﻣﻨﻊ ﺳﻼحﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ« اﺷﺎره ﮐﺮد ﮐﻪ در آن ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻋﯿﺖ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺣﯿﺎﺗﯽ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺮي از ﺳﻼحﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺘﺎر دﺳﺘﻪﺟﻤﻌﯽ، داراي ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﺤﮑﻢ ﺑﺎزرﺳﯽ و ﻣﻘﺮرات ﺳﻔﺖ و ﺳﺨﺖ ﻧﻈﺎرت ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﯾﺒﻨﺪي و ﺣﺴﻦ اﺟﺮا، اراﺋﻪ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت، ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن اﺟﺮاﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ و در ﻣﺎده ﯾﮏ اﯾﻦ ﮐﻨﻮاﻧﺴﯿﻮن ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﺘﻌﻬﺪ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ از ﺑﻪﮐﺎرﮔﯿﺮي ﺳﻼحﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ و ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ، ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ، ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آوردن، اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ ﯾﺎ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﯾﺎ ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ آنﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺷﺨﺺ دﯾﮕﺮ ﺧﻮدداري ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪ. در روﯾﻪ ﻗﻀﺎﯾﯽ دوﻟﺖﻫﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻧﺸﺎن از ﻣﻨﻊ ﺑﻪﮐﺎرﮔﯿﺮي ﺳﻼحﻫﺎي ﺳﻤﯽ و ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ.
ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻫﻢ از ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ و ﻫﻢ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ در اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎر ﺗﻼش ﮐﺮدهاﯾﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﻤﻨﻮع ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﺳﻼحﻫﺎي ﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ و روﯾﻪ ﻗﻀﺎﯾﯽ دوﻟﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﭙﺮدازﯾﻢ.
چكيده لاتين :
From the dawn of history, governments have been in war and the important thing in these wars was the use of pernicious arms to damage the other side in war. Chemical weapons in particular have attracted the attention of countries. Using chemical and biologic weapons against military forces and civilians is so indecent and despicable that the countries usually deny using them. On the one hand, the utilization of these weapons is forbidden according to the conventional and binding legal provisions and on the other hand, it is prohibited based on particular agreements on this issue. Chemical weapons prohibition convention is one of these comprehensive agreements that besides prohibiting the whole life cycle of a series of genocide arms, it has rigid inspection foundations and strict rules for monitoring commitment, execution, presenting information and executive organization. Based on the first institution of this convention, each of the member countries committed not to use chemical weapons, and refrained development, storage, or direct and indirect transition of these weapons to others. Judicial procedure of governments also shows the prohibition of using poisonous and chemical weapons
