تحليل صورت‌گرايانۀ داستان «مثل هميشه»،‌ اثر هوشنگ گلشيري

Formalist Analysis of the Short Story “Mesl e Hamishe” by Houshang Golshiri

داﺳﺘﺎن ﮐﻮﺗﺎه »ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ«، اﺛﺮ ﻫﻮﺷﻨﮓ ﮔﻠﺸﯿﺮي، در واﻗﻊ ﺳﻪ داﺳﺘﺎن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮازات ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ و ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻠﯽ ﻣﺘﻨﺎوب و ﻣﺸ ّﻮ ش ﭘﯿﺶ ﻣﯽروﻧﺪ. از آﻧﺠﺎ ﮐﻪ درون ﻣﺎﯾﮥ اﺻﻠﯽ داﺳﺘﺎن، ﺗﺄﮐﯿﺪ ﺑﺮ دور ﺑﺎﻃﻞ، روزﻣ ّﺮ ﮔﯽ، ﻣﻼل و ﺗﮑﺮار ﭘﺪﯾﺪه ﻫﺎي ﻫﺴﺘﯽ و زاد و ﺑﻮد آدﻣﯿﺎن اﺳﺖ، ﺻﻮرت و ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي داﺳﺘﺎن ﭼﻨﮓ در ﭼﻨﮓ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ، ﺗﺒﺎﻧﯽ و ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﻨﺮﻣﻨﺪاﻧﻪاي ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ-اﻧﺪ؛ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﮐﻪ ﺻﻮرت داﺳﺘﺎن، ﻣﺆﯾ ّﺪ اﯾﻦ درون ﻣﺎﯾﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪه از ﺷﮕﺮد ﻫﻨﺮي ﺗﮑﺮار ﻧﺎم ﺷﺨﺼﯿّﺖﻫﺎ و ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد و ﺷﻐﻞ آﻧﺎن و دﯾﮕﺮ درون ﻣﺎﯾﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﻋﯽ، و در واﻗﻊ از ﺗﺮﻓﻨﺪ آﯾﻨﮕﯽ و ﺗﻮازي ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮي ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮده ﺗﺎ اﯾﻦ ﺗﮑﺮار و ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻋﯽ دور ﺑﺎﻃﻞ را در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﺮم داﺳﺘﺎن ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺠ ّﺴ ﻢ و ﻣﻠﻤﻮس ﮐﻨﺪ. در ﺷﮕﺮد ﻫﻨﺮي ﺗﻮازي ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮي، ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺄﮐﯿﺪ ﺑﺮ درون ﻣﺎﯾﮥ داﺳﺘﺎن، در ﮐﻨﺎر داﺳﺘﺎن اﺻﻠﯽ، ﯾﮏ ﯾﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ داﺳﺘﺎن ﻓﺮﻋﯽ را ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﯾﺎ ﺷﺨﺼﯿّﺖﻫﺎ و درون ﻣﺎﯾﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻨ ّﻮ ﻋﯽ ﺗﮑﺮار ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ، ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد و ﭘﯿﺎﻣﯽ واﺣﺪ را ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺪۀ دﻗﯿﻖاﻟﻨّ ﻈﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ؛ ﯾﺎ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪه ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺄﮐﯿﺪ ﺑﺮ درون ﻣﺎﯾﻪاي ﺧﺎ ّص ، ﯾﮏ ﯾﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺎر، ﺗﺼﺎوﯾﺮي ﻋﯿﻨﯽ و ﻣﻠﻤﻮس را ﺑﺪون اﺷﺎره ﺑﻪ رﺑﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ آنﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ اﺻﻠﯽ، در ﻣﺘﻦ داﺳﺘﺎن ﺟﺎﺳﺎزي ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ و اﯾﻦ ﺗﺼﺎوﯾﺮ ﻋﯿﻨﯽ، ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻋﯽ، ﺗﺄﯾﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪه و ﺗﺠ ّﺴ ﻢﺑﺨﺶ آن ادّ ﻋﺎﻫﺎ ﯾﺎ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ اﻧﺘﺰاﻋﯽاﻧﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽرﺳﺪ ﺷﮕﺮد ﺗﻮازي، ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﺮﻓﻨﺪ ﻫﻨﺮي ﺑﺮاي ﻗﻮام ﺑﺨﺸﯿﺪن ﺑﻪ درون ﻣﺎﯾﮥ اﯾﻦ داﺳﺘﺎن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮاﻧﺸﯽ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮاﯾﺎﻧﻪ، ﻣﯽﺗﻮان از آن رﻣﺰﮔﺸﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﺮد.

The short story ”Mesl e hamishe” by Houshang Golshiri, is in fact three stories that run parallel to each other and in an alternating and confusing way. Since the main theme of the story is the emphasis on vicious circle, everyday life, boredom and repetition of the phenomena of existence and human life, the form and content of the story have found an artistic interaction in each other; In a way, the form of the story confirms this theme. The author uses the art of repeating the names of the characters and their functions and jobs and other sub-themes. In fact, he used the trick of mirroring and Parallel imagery to embody this repetition and in a way the vicious circle in the form of a story. In the Parallel imagery technique, the author forms one or more sub-stories next to the main story to emphasize the theme of the story, or the characters and themes are repeated in various forms until finally, convey a single function and message to the reader; Or, in order to emphasize specific themes, the author, one or more times, inserts objective and tangible images in the text of the story without mentioning their direct connection with the main concepts and these objective images confirm and embody those abstract claims or concepts. Parallelism technique seems to be the most appropriate artistic trick to consolidate the theme of this story, which can be deciphered with a formalistic reading.