تحليل ساختاري معراج‌نامه‌ي ابن سينا بر پايۀ سفر قهرمان كمپبل

The Structural Analysis of Ebn-e Sina's Merajnameh According to Campbell's Model of the Hero's Journey

ﻣﻌﺮاج ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ادب دﯾﻨﯽ و ﻋﺮﻓﺎﻧﯽ و ﮔﺰارش ﺳﻔﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﯿّﺘﯽ روﺣﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻠﻤﺮوﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺳﻔﺮ در ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﮥ ادﺑﯽ و رواﯾﯽ، ﻫﻤﻮاره ﻋﻨﺼﺮي ﺗﻌﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﺨﺶ در ﺳﻠﻮك اﻧﺴﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮي ﮐﻤﺎل ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺎس، ﻣﻌﺮاج ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺳﯿﺮ و ﺳﻠﻮك روﺣﺎﻧﯽ در رﯾﺨﺖ ﺳﻔﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﮔﺰارش ﻣﻌﺮاج ﭘﯿﺎﻣﺒﺮ اﺳﻼمص ﺑﻪ رواﯾﺖ اﺑﻮﻋﻠﯽ ﺳﯿﻨﺎ، از ﮐﻬﻦ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺜﻮر و ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ آن در ادب ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﻧﻤﺎدﮔﺮاﯾﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ رواﯾﺖ در ﻣﻌﺮاج ﻧﺎﻣﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺿﺮورت ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﻮن ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻧﻈﺮﯾّﻪ ﻫﺎي ادﺑﯽ ﻧﻮ، ﺗﻼش ﺑﺮاي ﮔﺸﻮدن اﻓﻘﯽ ﺗﺎزه از ﻣﺘﻦ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺪه و ﻧﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ واﮐﺎوي ﺧﻮﯾﺸﺘﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻻﯾﻪ ﻫﺎي رازﻧﺎك و ﭘﻮﺷﯿﺪۀ آن آﺷﮑﺎر ﺷﻮد و درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺪه از ﻣﺘﻦ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﯾﺎﺑﺪ. ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ، ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﭘﯿﺶ روي، ﻣﻌﺮاج ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ي اﺑﻦ ﺳﯿﻨﺎ را ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﯾﮥ اﻧﮕﺎرۀ ﺗﮏ اﺳﻄﻮرۀ ﺟﻮزف ﮐﻤﭙﺒﻞ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮآﻣﺪه از ﻧﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﮔﺮاﯾﺎﻧﻪ و روان ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻔﺮ ﻗﻬﺮﻣﺎن و ﮐﻬﻦ اﻟﮕﻮي ﺧﻮﯾﺸﺘﻦ اﺳﺖ، ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﯿﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺑﯿﻨﺎرﺷﺘﻪ اي ادﺑﯿّﺎت ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ در روﯾﮑﺮدي ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ- ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﻧﻘﺪ و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ. دﺳﺘﺎورد ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ ﻣﻌﺮاج ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ي اﺑﻦ ﺳﯿﻨﺎ اﮔﺮﭼﻪ در ﺑﺮﺧﯽ زﯾﺮﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻫﺎ، ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ اﻣﺘﻨﺎع از ﺑﺎزﮔﺸﺖ، ﻧﺎﺳﺎزي دارد، اﻣّ ﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري رواﯾﯽ و ﺑﺎﻓﺘﺎر ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ ﺳﻔﺮ ﻗﻬﺮﻣﺎن ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﯿﻪ ﺑﺮ اﻟﮕﻮي ﺟﻮزف ﮐﻤﭙﺒﻞ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻧﯽ آﺷﮑﺎري دارد ﮐﻪ ﮔﻮﯾﺎﯾﯽ و ﭘﻮﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻌﺮاج ﺣﻀﺮت ﺧﺘﻤﯽ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﺖص را ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر رواﯾﯽ آن در آﯾﺎت ﻗﺮآن ﮐﺮﯾﻢ آﺷﮑﺎر ﻣﯽ ﺳﺎزد.

Merajnameh is an example of religious and mystical literature. It is a report of spiritual journey to unknown territories beyond self-awareness. In this literary form and narrative, the concept of journey has always been a well-known element in the evolution of mankind towards perfection. For that reason, Merajnamehs of spiritual pilgrimage have been written in the form of travel books. The Meraj of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), narrated by Abu-Ali Sina (aka. Avicenna), is one of the oldest independent examples in the Persian literature, written in prose, with a symbolic approach to the elements of narrative. The importance of studying such texts according to new literary theories is to attempt to open a new horizon in the reader's knowledge of the text in order to reveal its cryptic layers and to extend his comprehension of the text. The present research examines Ebn-e Sina's Merajnameh according to Campbell's concept of monomyth, which is a structuralistic psychological approach to the hero's journey, with a descriptive-analytic method and based on interdisciplinary studies of comparative literature. The results demonstrate that Abu-Ali Sina's Merajnameh is compatible with the narrative structure of Joseph Campbell's model of the Hero's Journey, except for some inconsistencies in the sublevels of "rejecting invitation" and "refusing to return" Which reveals the eloquence and dynamism of the ascension of Hazrat Khatami (PBUH) based on its narrative structure in the verses of the Holy Quran.