تحليل شخصيّت رستم با تأكيد بر مكتب وظيفه گرايي كانت

Analysis of Rostam's Personality with Emphasis on Kant's School of Deontologism

در ﻓﻠﺴﻔﮥ اﺧﻼق، ﻣﻌﯿﺎر ارزش ﮔﺬاري و ﺳﻨﺠﺶ اﻓﻌﺎلِ اﺧﻼﻗﯽ ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻤﺎﻧﻮﺋﻞ ﮐﺎﻧﺖ، ﻓﯿﺴﻠﻮف آﻟﻤﺎﻧﯽ، ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﺳﺖ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﯽ واﺟﺪ ارزش اﺧﻼﻗﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﻠﯿﻒ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﯿﭻ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﻧﮕﯿﺰۀ دﯾﮕﺮي ﻏﯿﺮ از ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ وﻇﯿﻔﻪ ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻬﻢ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﭼﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﯽ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ وﻇﯿﻔﻪ اﺳﺖ، ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ اﻣﺮ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﮐﺮد. ﻣﺮاد از اﻣﺮ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻤﺎم وﻇﺎﯾﻒ اﺧﻼﻗﯽ ﻣﺎ را ﻣﺸﺨّ ﺺ و ﻣﻌﯿّﻦ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ، اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻮﯾﺪ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ آن ﻗﺎﻋﺪه اي ﻋﻤﻞ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﯿﺪ ﻫﻢ زﻣﺎن اراده ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ آن ﻗﺎﻋﺪه، ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﺟﻬﺎن ﺷﻤﻮل ﺷﻮد. ﮐﺎﻧﺖ اﻣﺮ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ را ﺣﮑﻢ ﺑﺪﯾﻬﯽ ﻋﻘﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﯽ ﻣﯽ داﻧﺪ. از آﻧﺠﺎ ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ اﻣﺮ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ اﺳﺖ، اﺣﮑﺎم ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از آن ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد. رﺳﺘﻢ، ﺷﺨﺼﯿّﺖ آرﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﻪ در ﺗﻤﺎم ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﻫﺎي زﻧﺪﮔﯽ، ﻫﻤﺎره ﺑﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺗﮑﻠﯿﻒ و اﺟﺮاي ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ و داد ﺗﻮﺟّ ﻪ داﺷﺖ و ﺑﺮاي رﺳﯿﺪن ﺑﻪ اﻫﺪاف ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻟﯽ، از اﺑﺰارﻫﺎ و روش ﻫﺎي ﻏﯿﺮ اﺧﻼﻗﯽ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﮑﺮد. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟّ ﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﻪ، ﮔﺰاره ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌ ّﺪدي دال ﺑﺮ وﻇﯿﻔﻪ ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ اﺧﻼق در ﻣﮑﺘﺐ اﺧﻼﻗﯽ رﺳﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻣﯽ ﺧﻮرد. ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪﮔﺎن در ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ روش ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ-ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ، ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ رﺳﯿﺪه اﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺨﺼﯿّﺖ رﺳﺘﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﻣﮑﺘﺐ وﻇﯿﻔﻪ ﮔﺮاي اﺧﻼﻗﯽ ﮐﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻤﺴﻮﯾﯽ و ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺗﻨﮕﺎﺗﻨﮓ دارد؛ اﯾﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎرت اﻧﺪ از: ﺗﮑﺎﻟﯿﻒ اﻧﺴﺎن ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد، ﺗﮑﻠﯿﻒ اﻧﺴﺎن ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ دﯾﮕﺮان، ﺗﮑﺎﻟﯿﻔﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﺎت ﺧﺎ ّص از اﻓﺮاد ﻣﻄﺮح اﺳﺖ.

In the philosophy of ethics, the criterion of valuing and measuring moral actions is one of the prominent issues. Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, believes that only the present has a moral value that is in accordance with the task and that the actor has no other motive than to perform the duty. To understand what an action is in accordance with the duty, one must refer to the Absolute. What is meant by the Absolute, which defines all our moral duties, is: Act according to a rule that you can simultaneously will that rule become universal law. Kant considers the absolute to be the obvious rule of practical reason. Since this is absolute, the rulings derived from it will also be absolute. Rostam, the ideal character of Shahnameh in all spheres of life, always paid attention to doing his duty and justice and did not use immoral tools and methods to achieve sublime goals. According to the Shahnameh, several propositions indicate the Deontologism of morality in the moral school of Rostam. In the present study, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method, the authors has come to the conclusion that Rostam's personality is closely related to some indicators of Kant's moral conscientious school. These indicators are: human duties towards oneself, human duties towards others, duties towards certain classes of people.