پديد آورندگان :
يزدان پناه، صديقه دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي واحد كازرون - گروه علوم و صنايع غذايي، كازرون، ايران , جوكار، شادي دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي واحد كازرون - دانشكده دامپزشكي - گروه بهداشت مواد غذايي، كازرون، ايران , زندي لك، طاهره دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي واحد كازرون - گروه علوم و صنايع غذايي، كازرون، ايران , حقيقي، مريم دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي واحد كازرون - گروه علوم و صنايع غذايي، كازرون، ايران
كليدواژه :
پودر قهوه فوري , زنجيره غذايي , فلزات سنگين , اكراتوكسين A
چكيده فارسي :
دانه قهوه دومين فرآورده سودآور تجاري در دنيا ميباشد و علاوه بر مصرف نوشيدني در صنايع غذايي كاربرد فراواني دارد. در تهيه بستني، شيريني و شكلات استفاده مي‌شود. گياهان مهمترين مسير انتقال فلزات سنگين به زنجيره غذايي انسان و چرخه طبيعت محسوب مي‌شوند. فلزات سنگين به‌دليل غيرابل تجزيه بودن، اثرات سوء آنها بر سلامتي موجودات زنده و انسان حائز اهميت ميباشد. لذا هدف از اين تحقيق، بررسي و مقايسه خصوصيات فيزيكوشيميايي، آلودگي اكراتوكسين A، عناصر فلزي سرب و آرسنيك در 4 نمونه پودر قهوه فوري Eagle Lux، Good day،Nestle و Torabika ميباشد. در مقايسه نتايج به‌دست آمده با حدود مجاز استانداردهاي ملي و بين الملليWHO، همه نتايج در محدوده مجاز استاندارد (pH (محلول 10%) 5 تا 7، رطوبت حداكثر 4% (گرم در 100 گرم ماده خشك)، قند كل حداكثر 72% (گرم در 100 گرم ماده خشك بدون چربي)، خاكستر 4% (گرم در 100 گرم ماده خشك بدون چربي)، چربي در پودر كاپوچينو حداكثر 30% (گرم در 100 گرم ماده خشك)، كافئين بر اساس ماده خشك حداكثر 8/2% ، سرب 5/0 ميلي‌گرم بر كيلوگرم، آرسنيك 1 ميلي‌گرم بر كيلوگرم، اكراتوكسين 10ppb) قرار داشتند. بيشترين مقدار pH (05/0±83/6) در نمونه Good day و پايينترين مقدار pH در نمونه Nestle تعيين گرديد. كمترين مقدار خاكستر (%05/0±38/2)، رطوبت (%05/0±41/1)، سرب (000/0± 026/0 ميلي‌گرم بر كيلوگرم) و آرسنيك (000/0 ±013/0 ميلي‌گرم بر كيلوگرم) در نمونه Torabika مشاهده شد. مقدار سرب در نمونه‌هاي Good day و Torabika مشابه تعيين گرديد. بيشترين مقدار كافئين (05/0±23/0 درصد وزني) در نمونه Good day حاصل شد. در تمام نمونه ها ميزان اكراتوكسين Aمنفي بود. كمترين مقدار قند كل (05/0±75/42 گرم در صد گرم) در نمونه Nestle مشاهده شد. نمونه Torabika به دليل ناچيز بودن مقدار سرب، آرسنيك، خاكستر و چربي موجود در آن، همچنين پايين بودن مقدار رطوبت به‌عنوان بهترين نمونه پيشنهاد مي شود.
چكيده لاتين :
Introduction: Coffee is the second most profitable commercial products in the world and in addition to beverage consumption, it is widely used in food industry. Among natural sources, coffee has the highest amount of caffeine. The
amount of caffeine in coffee varies depending on the variety of coffee and how it is brewed. Coffee beans contain other
compounds such as phenol, magnesium, potassium and fiber. Plants are the most important route for the transfer of heavy
metals to the human food chain and the natural cycle. Heavy metals in the body can cause everything from biochemical
changes in low levels of contamination to effects on the nervous system and even death in high concentrations. They slow
down the reaction with enzymes and even stop the body's essential physiological reactions and have the ability to be
stored in the bones, which enter the bloodstream after being saturated in the bone. Heavy metals are important because
they are non-degradable in the human body. Contamination with mycotoxins in coffee beans such as ochratoxin produced
by Aspergillus and Penicillium occurs under the influence of environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity,
water activity, transport conditions, storage until consumption. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate and
compare the physicochemical properties, fungal contamination and metal elements in 4 samples of instant coffee powder
Eagle Lux, Good Day, Nestle and Torabika.
Materials and Methods: In 4 samples of instant coffee powder fat, moisture, ash, pH, total sugar, caffeine (using
HPLC), ochratoxin A contamination (using HPLC) and lead and arsenic metallic elements (using hydride atomic
absorption spectroscopy) were determined. The results were reviewed and compared with national and international
standards. All experiments were performed in a completely randomized design. Data analysis was performed using SPSS
software. The means were compared using Duncan's test at 5% probability level. Results and Discussion: Comparing the results obtained with the permissible limits of national and international
WHO standards, all results are within the permitted standard range (pH 5 to 7, maximum moisture 4%, total sugar
maximum 72%, ash 4%, fat in cappuccino powder maximum 30%, Caffeine was based on dry matter up to 2.8%, lead
0.5 mg/ kg, arsenic 1 mg/ kg, ochratoxin 10 ppb). The highest pH value (6.83± 0.05) was determined in Good Day sample.
The low pH in the Nestle sample may be due to acid rain and low soil pH in the exporting countries. Minimum amount
of ash (2.38± 0.05%), moisture (1.41± 0.05%), lead (0.026± 0.000 mg / kg) and arsenic (0.013± 0.000) mg / kg) was
observed in Torabika sample. Lead level was similar in Good Day and Torabika samples. The highest amount of caffeine
(0.23 ±0.05 wt %) was obtained in Good day sample. Ochratoxin A was not detected in all samples. The lowest amount
of total sugar (42.75± 0.05 g /100 g) was observed in Nestle sample. Therefore, it is the most suitable sample for diabetic
patients. Torabika sample is recommended as the best sample due to the low amount of lead, arsenic, ash and fat, as well
as low moisture content. With increasing moisture and sugar, the possibility of liquid steps forming between particles
increases and this causes the degree of cohesion and agglomeration of the powder and the marketability of the powder
disappears. Increased mineral consumption causes disease due to inhibition of the mechanism of control of absorption in the small intestine and accumulation in the body. Therefore, as the amount of total ash in coffee increases, its adverse
effects on the body intensify. Torabika is the most suitable sample for people with cardiovascular disease due to the lower fat content.
