كاركرد بن مايه هاي مشترك اسطوره اي در يك روايت عامّۀ كُردي و پاره‌روايتي از رمان كليدر

The Function of Common Mythological Motifs in a Kurdish Folk Narrative and an Excerpt from Klidar

اﺳﻄﻮرهﻫﺎ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﮕﺮ آﻣﺎل، ﻫﺮاس و آرزوﻫﺎي ﺑﺸﺮياﻧﺪ. ﻣﺘﻦﻫﺎي ادﺑﯽ و ﻋﺎﻣّﻪ در ژرفﺳﺎﺧﺖ اﻧﺪﯾﺸﮕﯽ ﺧﻮد از ﺑﻦﻣﺎﯾﻪﻫﺎ و ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ اﺳﻄﻮرهاي ﮔﺮﯾﺰي ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ. اﺳﻄﻮرهﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد رواﯾﯽ ﺧﻮد، ﺑﻦﻣﺎﯾﻪﻫﺎ و ﺗﺼﺎوﯾﺮ ﮐﻬﻦاﻟﮕﻮﯾﯽ آدﻣﯽ را در ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﻪﮔﻮن رواﯾﺖﻫﺎي ﮐﻼﺳﯿﮏ و ﻋﺎﻣّﻪ آﺷﮑﺎر ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ. ﭘﺎرهرواﯾﺖ دﯾﺪار و وﺻﺎل ﻣﺎرال و ﮔﻞﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺑﻪ آن ﻣﯽﭘﺮدازد، ﯾﮑﯽ از اﺳﺎﺳﯽﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي رﻣﺎن ﮐﻠﯿﺪر اﺳﺖ. رواﯾﺖ ﻋﺎﻣّﻪ و ﮐﺮدي ِ»ﻣﺤﻤﻮدﺧﺎن ﺑﺎﻟﮏ و ﺧﺎﺗﻮن ﭘﺮﯾﺰاد« ﻧﯿﺰ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ رواﯾﺖﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ و ﻣﺸﻬﻮر در ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻋﺎﻣّﮥ ﮐﺮدي اﺳﺖ. ﻣﺴﺄﻟﮥ اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد ﺑﻦﻣﺎﯾﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺘﺮك اﺳﻄﻮرهاي اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﭘﺎرهرواﯾﺖ و رواﯾﺖ ﻋﺎﻣّﮥ ﭘﯿﺶﮔﻔﺘﻪ را ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ. ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎر ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس رﻫﯿﺎﻓﺖ اﺳﻄﻮرهﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻦﻫﺎي ﯾﺎدﺷﺪه ﻣﯽﻧﮕﺮد و ﺑﺎ روﺷﯽ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ، ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﭘﯿﻮﻧﺪﻫﺎي اﺳﻄﻮرهاي و اﻧﺪﯾﺸﮕﯽ در دو رواﯾﺖ ﯾﺎدﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ واﮐﺎوي ﺑﻦﻣﺎﯾﻪﻫﺎي اﺳﻄﻮرهاي اﯾﻦ دو رواﯾﺖ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ. ﻫﺮ دو رواﯾﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻨﯿﺎن ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ رواﯾﯽ ﭼﻮن زن، آب، ﭼﺸﻤﻪ، ﮔﯿﺎه، ﻣﺎه و ﺣﯿﻮان ﺣﺮﮐﺖ داﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ و رواﯾﯽ ﺧﻮد را ﭘﯿﺶ ﻣﯽﺑﺮﻧﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ، ﺑﻦ ﻣﺎﯾﻪﻫﺎي ﮐﻬﻦاﻟﮕﻮﯾﯽ ﭼﻮن زﻧﺪﮔﯽ، ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ ﺣﯿﺎت، ﺳﺤﺮ و ﺟﺎدو، ﻫﺮاﺳﻨﺎﮐﯽ ﮐﻬﻦاﻟﮕﻮي آﻧﯿﻤﺎ و ﻣﻬﺎر ﺳﺎﯾﻪ را در ﻫﺮ دو رواﯾﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺎن ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ و آنﻫﺎ را رﻧﮓ اﺳﻄﻮره-اي ﻣﯽﺑﺨﺸﻨﺪ. ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺑﻦﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺘﺮك اﺳﻄﻮرهاي ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ زﺑﺎﻧﯽ و ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر رواﯾﯽ اﯾﻦ دو رواﯾﺖ را ﻧﻈﺎم ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ؛ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ رﺳﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ رﻣﺎن ﮐﻠﯿﺪر ﺳﻮاي ﺳﻮﯾﻪﻫﺎي دﯾﮕﺮ ﺑﯿﻨﺎﻣﺘﻨﯽ، از ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻋﺎﻣّﮥ ﮐﺮدي و ﺑﻦﻣﺎﯾﻪﻫﺎي اﺳﻄﻮرهاي و ﮐﻬﻦاﻟﮕﻮﯾﯽ آن ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺎس ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪة ﮐﻠﯿﺪر زﯾﺴﺘﯽ دوﺑﺎره را در اﻓﻖ اﻧﺪﯾﺸﮕﯽ ﻣﺮدم و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﮐﺮدي ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ.

Myths express human aspirations and fears. Literary and folk texts in the depth of their thinking do not shy away from mythical themes. Myths, through their narrative function, reveal the themes of human archetype in the various contexts narratives. The narrative of the meeting and marriage of Maral and Golmohammad that this study deals with is one of the most basic parts of Kalidar. The folkloric and Kurdish narration of "Mahmoud Khan Balek and Khatun Parizad" is also one of the prominent and famous narrations in Kurdish folk culture. The problem of this research is the function of the common themes of myths that structure the above-mentioned folk narrative and excerpt. The present article looks at the mentioned texts based on the mythological approach and with a descriptive and analytical method, with the aim of explaining the mythological and thoughtful connections in the two mentioned narratives. Both narrations advance their narrative movement based on elements such as woman, water, spring, plant, moon and animal. These narrative elements demonstrate the archetypal themes such as life, life cycle, magic, horror of anime archetype and shadow control in both narratives. Based on common mythological and archetypal principles that systematize the two linguistic context and narrative structure. It is argued that the novel Kalidar, in addition to other aspects of intertextuality, is also influenced by Kurdish folk culture and its mythological and archetypal themes. The author of Kalidar has experienced again living in the horizons of Kurdish people thinking and their culture.