تأثير تجارت بر ساختار و نظام پولي عصر مماليك بحري(784-648 ق)

The effect of trade on the structure and monetary system of the era of Bahrī Mamlūks (648-784 AH)

يكي از مهم‌ترين عوامل تأثير گذار بر نظام پولي عصر مماليك بحري(784-648ق) تجارت بوده است. مماليك بحري از زمان روي كار آمدن، با تسلط بر بنادر درياهاي مديترانه وسرخ، تجارت دريايي را از مبداء چين تا اروپا رونق بخشيده و طلا و نقره مورد نياز خود براي ضرب سكه را، از طريق تجارت با غرب آفريقا و واردات از ساير جاها فراهم مي ساختند. اما اين نظام پولي در برهه اي از عصر آنان به عللي دچار بي نظمي و اختلال گرديد. دينار و درهم در عصر مماليك بحري به عنوان مسكوكاتي ارزشمند و شرعي، عامل ثبات اقتصادي و فلوس مسي، پولي غير شرعي و يكي از عوامل مخرّب اقتصاد مماليك بحري بود. اين تحقيق كه از نوع پژوهش هاي تاريخي است، با روش توصيفي- تحليلي، درصدد پاسخ به اين سؤال است كه تجارت در عصر مماليك بحري چه تأثيري بر ساختار پولي آنان داشته است؟ نظام پولي آنان چگونه بود؟ در نتيجه تحقيق مشخص مي شود كه نظام پولي مماليك بحري متأثر از تجارت خارجي بوده و تا زماني كه طلا و نقره به اندازه كافي به قلمرو آنان وارد مي شد وسكّه هايي با عيار بالا ضرب مي نمودند، داراي ثبات اقتصادي بودند و زماني كه طلا و نقره وارداتي كاهش يافت و ضرب سكّه هاي مسي و استفاده از آن در معاملات فراوان شد، اقتصاد و نظام پولي مماليك بحري دچار بحران تورم و زوال گرديد.

One of the most important factors influencing the monetary system of the Bahri Mamluks (784-648 AH) was trade. The Bahri Mamluks from the time of coming to power, by dominating the ports of the Mediterranean and Red Seas, flourished maritime trade from China to Europe. They supplied the gold and silver needed to mint coins through trade with West Africa and imports from elsewhere. But at some point in their time, this monetary system became disordered for some reason. Dinars and dirhams in the Bahri Mamluks countries as a valuable and religious coin, the factor of economic stability and Messi coins, illegal money and one of the destructive factors of the economy of Bahri Mamluks. This research, which is a kind of historical research, with a descriptive-analytical method, seeks to answer the question of what effect trade had on their monetary structure in the era of maritime countries? What was their monetary system like? As a result of research is determined that the Bahri Mamluks monetary system was influenced by foreign trade and as long as enough gold and silver entered their territory and minted highdenomination coins, they were economically stable and since imports of gold and silver declined and copper coins were minted and used extensively in trading, the economies and monetary system of the Bahri Mamluks were in Inflation crisis.