هم‌پيماني نيروهاي اجتماعي در پي ريزي شهرياري ساساني

Association of social forces in laying the foundation establishment of the Sassanid State

كلان روايت بنيان­گذاري شهرياري ساساني به ضرب شمشير اردشير بابكان و متعاقب آن فتح پي­در­پي ولايات ايران­شهر نيازمند بازنگري جدي است. سرشت شهرياري ساساني بدون مشاركت و مساهمت دودمان هاي متنفذ اجتماعي و تا حدودي طبقات شهري كه سده­ها پيش از استقرار سلسله مزبور در عرصه اداره سياسي همكاري داشته اند، امكان شالوده گذاري نداشته است. برخلاف تئوري هاي جديد كه در تلاشند ماهيت دولت در ايران را موجوديتي صرفا سياسي و منتزع از جامعه تلقي ­كنند؛ مي­بايست اذعان داشت دولت در عين حالي كه گرانيگاه انسجام سياسي است، كانون اتحاد نيروهاي اجتماعي نيز هست. هدف پژوهش حاضر، خوانش دموكراتيك از امر سياسي در دوره ساساني نيست؛ در واقع هدف اصلي، بازنماييِ وجه اجتماعيِ دولت ساساني و نقشي كه نيروهاي اجتماعي در تاسيس، تثبيت و استمرار آن ايفا نموده­اند، خواهد بود. اين تحقيق بر آن است تا با بهره­گيري از رويكرد جامعه‌شناسي ­تاريخي، علاوه بر نقد و بررسي نظريه­هاي ارائه شده در اين زمينه، تأسيس دولت در اين دوره را بر اساس هم­پيماني، ائتلاف و عقلانيت بين ساختار سياسي و نيروهاي اجتماعي آن زمان تحليل نمايد و نشان دهد شهرياي ساساني يك دولت هم­پيمان با هم­ياري خاندان هاي زمين دار و طبقات مولّد شهري بوده است. بحران­هاي مهمي نظير ظهور كوشانيان و ايجاد بن­بست در مسير تجارت فراسرزميني شرق و غرب، تسلط روم بر شهرهاي بازرگاني ميان­رودان، هرج و مرج سياسي، ركود اقتصادي و آشفتگي­هاي اجتماعي در ايالات ايران­شهر در سدۀ پاياني دورۀ اشكاني از جمله زمينه­هاي مهم پديد آمدن اين رخداد بوده است.

The dominant narrative of the founding of the Sassanid Shahriari by the sword of Ardeshir Babakan and the subsequent conquest of the provinces of Iranshahr needs serious revision. Due to the continued existence of influential social dynasties that existed in the administration of Iranshahr centuries before the establishment of the Sassanid Shahriari, naturally, the Sassanid Empire could not have been achieved without their attention, participation, and powerful assistance. Contrary to new theories that try to consider the nature of government in Iran as a purely political entity separate from society; It must be acknowledged that the state while being the focal point of political cohesion, is also the center of the unio‎n of social forces. The main purpose of the research is not to provide a democratic review of politics in the Sassanid period, but main purpose will be to represent the social aspect of the Sassanid government and to outline the role of social forces in its establishment, consolidation, and continuity. The concept of the state in this view is not seen as an inflexible mechanical structure that is constantly in a cycle of tyranny and then collapse; Rather, the government is seen as a field in which all forces can play a role. This study intends to use the historical sociological approach, in addition to criticizing the theories of the government, to analyze the establishment of the government in this period based on the alliance, coalition, and rationality between the political structure and social forces of the time. It seems that the establishment of the Sassanid Shahriari was a response to the continuous crises created in the last century of the Parthian period. The rise of the Kushans and the stalemate in international trade, Roman domination of Mesopotamian trading cities, the general decline of the economy, and political chaos and social unrest led to the overthrow of a government, which in addition to allying with the land economy forces (families), used to work with Coalitions of emerging urban productive forces.