تحليل معماري و ساختاري كاربندي هاي ويژه تيمچه هاي بازارتاريخي تبريز

Architectural and structural analysis of special karbandis of Tabriz historical bazaar

كاربندي، گونه اي از پوشش هاي معماري ايراني است كه ويژگيهاي عام كاربندي ها در كنار ويژگيهاي منحصربه فرد قرار دارند. معماران ايراني معمولاً سعي مي كرده اند كه عناصر نازيباي سازهاي را در پشت عناصر پوششي، پنهان سازند. چنين پيچيدگي و ابهامي درك ساختار كاربنديها را دشوار مي سازد. كاربنديهاي موجود در سقف تيمچه هاي بازار تبريز نيز از نظر ساختاري با كاربندي هاي بقيه جاها متفاوت هستند. به عبارتي، هندسه و نحوۀ چينش آجر تويزه هاي باربر كاربنديهاي تيمچه هاي اين بازار همانند نمونه هاي مشابه در ساير شهرها نيستند. همچنين كاربنديهاي گوناگوني وجود دارند كه هندسۀ نظري يكسان دارند ولي در اجرا (هندسه عملي) شكلي متفاوت پيدا مي كنند. عدم مطالعۀ بنيادين اين كاربندي ها سبب شده است كه در مرمتِ برخي نمونه ها اشتباهات ساختاري و معماري پديد آيد. بررسي ويژگي هاي هندسي، معماري و ساختاري كاربندي ها ميتواند چگونگي بهره گيري معماران گذشته را از فناوريهاي بومي آشكار سازد. باتوجه به كمبود نوشتار تخصصي در زمينۀ كاربندي ويژه و نبود تعريف مشخص، پژوهش دربارۀ آنها لازم به نظر ميرسد. در اين پژوهش، با استناد به منابع كتابخانه اي، مطالعات ميداني و تحليل و تفسير يافته هاي پژوهشي در باب هندسه و فناوري ساخت كاربندي هاي ويژه، پوشش هاي بازار تاريخي تبريز انجام و مفاهيم نهفته در آن بازخواني شده است. بدين منظور با بررسي اسناد اندك حاصل از مرمت هاي انجام شده و مراحل اجرايي كاربندي هاي ويژه، هندسۀ تويزه هاي دز اين نوع كاربندي ها از پشت بام و تصوير آن از داخل فضا مقايسه شد. در فرايند مدلسازي نمونه ها از نرم افزارهاي ترسيمي همچون اتوكد 2016 استفاده شده است. براي شناخت كاربندي هاي ويژۀ بازار تبريز بايد خصوصيات شكلي و ساختاري، نقش سازهاي و جنس مصالح لنگه ها لحاظ شود. تحليل ها آشكار كرد در كاربندي هاي تيمچه هاي بازار تبريز تفاوتهاي آشكاري در معماري و تكنولوژي ساخت آنها نسبت به ساير شهرها وجود دارد كه يكي از شاخص ترين اين تفاوتها استفاده از تويزه هاي مياني، افزون بر ساير عناصر كاربندي ها است.

Covering the roofs of the bazaars due to the diversity of spatial and small and large openings with simple and complex structures. These coatings are available in various bazaar spaces , each with special geometry, both in the final design and in space structures. To cover large openings such as timche, they used domes and karbandis. Considering the global registration of the traditional bazaar of Tabriz, as well as the great efforts of the architects of the Tabriz bazaar in creating the most beautiful, diversified and most sophisticated types of karbandis in bazaar timches, reveals the importance of studying the Tabriz bazaar karbandis as a sample of this study. Considering the wide openings of the covers in Tabriz bazaar, such as Timche Amir South (14-15 m), the need to use more tiles with high width and height for roof skeletons is created. Therefore, in addition to the boundaries of the field (sideways), other tensions (middle tensions) are formed that appear on the roof. As a result, it separates the features of thiskarbandi from the usual karbandis. In the study of the karbandis that have been used, the structure of the plan shape affects the form of the design. This means that in a specific context with a certain length-to-width ratio, it is possible to apply certain implementations that affect a variety of factors. These variables are available to the host architect to make decisions about the details of these features. Iranian architects usually try to conceal the elemental elements of the structure behind the cover elements. Such complexity and ambiguity makes it difficult to understand the structure of the karbandis. Existing karbandis on the roof of the Tabriz bazaar are structurally different from those of the rest. That's why they are called special. In other words, the ribs of the karbandis used in the timche do not follow the usual geometry of the karbandi that is seen from below the ceiling. There are also various karbandis that have the same theoretical geometry, but they are different in practical geometry. Nowadays a lot of Tabriz bazaar vaults collapse and are in an irregular situation that has brought the marketers at serious risk. This erosion situation has been growing and the unconscious disregard for the restoration of karbandis, regardless of their initial structure. Therefore, in the typical karbandis of the Tabriz bazaar, due to the factors mentioned, their structure and shape are not necessarily consistent. The restoration of some of the Tabriz bazaar karbandis has been done without considering this issue and has changed its form. Therefore, in view of the loss of traditional and empirical doctrines on these types of karbandis, disclosure of the desired relationships is necessary. an‎d can be effective in providing their repair solutions and building new ones afterwards. By recognizing and analyzing the special karbandis of the Tabriz bazaar, we can understand the form and geometry of the form and its implementation. Due to the lack of specialized writing in the field of special karbandis, the contradiction of many of these writings about the performance of ribs in this structure, requires research. In this paper, based on library resources, field studies, and the analysis and interpretation of the findings, a study on the geometry and technology of constructing special karbandis for the cover of the historical bazaar of Tabriz has been completed and the implied concepts have been refereed. For this purpose, by examining the small documentation of the repairs and the implementation steps of the special applications, the geometry of the hidden ribs of this type of karbandis was compared from the roof and its image from inside the space. The result of the study indicates that for the analysis of the special karbandis of the Tabriz bazaar, the characteristics of the structure, structural characteristics, the role of construction and use, the material of the ribs and the structural role should be considered. The geometric form of the karbandis directly affects its size, dimensions, plan, shape.