مروري جامع بر اثرات استفاده از مخمر بر تنظيم تخمير در شكمبه، بهبود راندمان توليد و سلامت در نشخواركنندگان

A comprehensive review of the effects of yeast on the regulation of rumen fermentation, productive efficiency and health in ruminants

ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﯿﺎز روزاﻓـﺰون ﺟﻮاﻣـﻊ ﺑﺸـﺮي ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﯿـﺪات داﻣـﯽ، ﻣـﺰارع ﭘـﺮورش دام ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﻤﺖ ﺻـﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﺷـﺪن ﭘـﯿﺶ رﻓﺘـﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻟﺬا ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺗﻮﻟﯿـﺪ، اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻨـﺎﺑﻊ ﮐﺮﺑﻮﻫﯿـﺪراﺗﯽ ﺑـﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿـﺖ ﺗﺨﻤﯿـﺮ ﺑـﺎﻻ در ﺟﯿـﺮه دامﻫـﺎ اﻓـﺰاﯾﺶ ﯾﺎﻓﺘـﻪ اﺳـﺖ. از ﻃﺮﻓــﯽ ﻋــﺪم ﺳــﺎزﮔﺎري دﺳــﺘﮕﺎه ﮔــﻮارش ﻧﺸــﺨﻮارﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﺑــﻪ اﯾــﻦ ﻧــﻮع ﺳﯿﺴــﺘﻢ ﺗﻐﺬﯾــﻪاي ﺑﺎﻋــﺚ ﺑــﺮوز ﺑﯿﻤــﺎريﻫــﺎي ﻣﺘــﺎﺑﻮﻟﯿﮑﯽ ﻣﺨﺘﻠــﻒ و ﮐــﺎﻫﺶ ﻋﻤــﺮ اﻗﺘﺼــﺎدي ﮔﻠــﻪ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨــﯿﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘــﺎت ﻧﺸــﺎن داده اﺳــﺖ ﮐــﻪ اﻓــﺰودن آﻧﺘﯽﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺧـﻮراك ﮔﺎوﻫـﺎ ﺑﺎﻋـﺚ اﻓـﺰاﯾﺶ رﺷـﺪ، ﮐـﺎﻫﺶ ﺿـﺮﯾﺐ ﺗﺒـﺪﯾﻞ، ﺑﻬﺒـﻮد ﻋﻤﻠﮑـﺮد ﺗﻮﻟﯿـﺪ و ﺗﻮﻟﯿـﺪ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻣﯽﺷـﻮد. اﻣــﺎ اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده ﻃــﻮﻻﻧﯽ ﻣــﺪت از آﻧﺘﯽﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿﮏﻫــﺎ ﺑﺎﻋــﺚ اﻓــﺰاﯾﺶ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣــﺖ آﻧﺘﯽﺑﯿــﻮﺗﯿﮑﯽ در دام و ﻣﺼــﺮفﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﻣﺤﺼــﻮﻻت داﻣـﯽ ﻣﯽﺷـﻮد. ﺑـﻪ ﻫﻤـﯿﻦ ﺧـﺎﻃﺮ ﯾــﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺟـﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻨﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺑـﺮاي آﻧﺘﯽﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿﮏﻫـﺎ ﻧﻈﯿــﺮ ﭘﺮوﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿـﮏﻫـﺎ اﻣـﺮي ﺿـﺮوري ﺑــﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽرﺳـﺪ. اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﺨﻤـﺮ در ﺗﻐﺬﯾـﻪ ﻧﺸـﺨﻮارﮐﻨﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﺳـﺒﺐ اﺳـﺘﻘﺮار و ﺣﻔـﻆ ﺗﻌـﺎدل ﺟﻤﻌﯿـﺖ ﺑـﺎﮐﺘﺮيﻫـﺎي ﻣﻔﯿـﺪ، اﻓــﺰاﯾﺶ ﻫﻀــﻢ ﻓﯿﺒــﺮ، ﺑﻬﺒــﻮد ﻋﻤﻠﮑــﺮد ﺷــﮑﻤﺒﻪ، ﺗﻨﻈــﯿﻢ pH ﺷــﮑﻤﺒﻪ و ﮐــﺎﻫﺶ ﺷــﯿﻮع ﺑﯿﻤــﺎريﻫــﺎي ﻣﺘــﺎﺑﻮﻟﯿﮑﯽ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨــﯿﻦ ﻧﺸــﺎن داده ﺷــﺪه اﺳــﺖ ﮐــﻪ ﺟﯿــﺮه ﺣــﺎوي ﻣﺨﻤﺮﻫــﺎ، ﻋﻤﻠﮑــﺮد ﺗﻮﻟﯿــﺪ ﺷــﯿﺮ، ﺗــﺪاوم ﺷــﯿﺮدﻫﯽ و ﮐﯿﻔﯿــﺖ ﺷــﯿﺮ را ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﻣﯽﺑﺨﺸـﺪ. ﭘﺮوﺑﯿﻮﺗﯿـﮏﻫـﺎ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﻨـﺪ ﺑـﺎ رﻗﺎﺑـﺖ ﺑـﺮ ﺳـﺮ ﻣـﻮاد ﻏـﺬاﯾﯽ، ﺗﻮﻟﯿـﺪ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒـﺎت ﺿـﺪ ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺑـﯽ، ﺧﻨﺜـﯽ ﻧﻤـﻮدن ﺳــﻤﻮم ﺗﻮﻟﯿــﺪ ﺷــﺪه ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ اﯾــﻦ ﻣﯿﮑﺮوارﮔﺎﻧﯿﺴــﻢﻫــﺎ، ﻣﯿــﺰان اﺑــﺘﻼ ﺑــﻪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧــﺖﻫــﺎي رودهاي و اﻟﺘﻬــﺎب را ﮐــﺎﻫﺶ دﻫﻨــﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺣﻀﻮر ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﻣﺆﺛﺮي ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﺑﺘﺎﮔﻠﻮﮐـﺎنﻫـﺎ و ﻣﺎﻧـﺎنﻫـﺎ در دﯾـﻮاره ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﯽ ﻣﺨﻤـﺮ ﻣﺴـﻤﻮﻣﯿﺖ ﺑـﺎ ﺳـﻤﻮم ﻗـﺎرﭼﯽ را ﺑﻪوﯾﮋه در ﻧﺸـﺨﻮارﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﮐـﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﯽدﻫـﺪ و ﺑـﺎ ﺗﺤﺮﯾـﮏ ﺳﯿﺴـﺘﻢ اﯾﻤﻨـﯽ و ﺗﻮﻟﯿـﺪ آﻧـﺰﯾﻢﻫـﺎي ﻫﻀـﻤﯽ ﻧﻘـﺶ ﻣﻬﻤـﯽ را در ﺑﻬﺒﻮد رﺷﺪ و ﺳﻼﻣﺖ دام، ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ، و ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ اﯾﻔﺎ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ.

Due to growing demand of human communities for livestock products, livestock farms have trended towards industrialization.Therefore, with increasing livestock production, the use of highly fermentable carbohydrates has increased in livestock diets. On the other hand, the incompatibility of the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants with this feeding method causes the occurrence of various metabolic diseases and reduces the herd's economic longevity. Research has also shown that adding antibiotics to cow diet increases growth, reduces feed conversion ratio, and improves production and reproduction. But the use of antibiotics for long-term increases antibiotic resistance in livestock and consumers of livestock products. Therefore, it seems necessary to find a suitable alternative to antibiotics such as probiotics. The use of yeast in ruminant nutrition improve to establish and maintain the balance of beneficial bacterial populations, increase fiber digestion, improve ruminal function, ruminal pH and reduce the occurrence of various metabolic diseases. Yeast diets have also to improve milk production performance, persistence in dairy cattle, and milk quality. Probiotics can reduce the risk of intestinal infections and inflammation by competing for food, producing antimicrobial compounds, neutralizing toxins produced by these microorganisms. Also, the presence of effective compounds such as beta-glucans and mannas in the yeast cell wall reduces poisoning by fungal toxins, especially in ruminants, and by stimulating the immune system and the production of digestive enzymes, plays an important role in the growth performance, production, reproduction and the immune system in ruminants.