پديد آورندگان :
فتاحي، مسعود دانشگاه شهركرد - دانشكده كشاورزي - گروه علوم باغباني، شهركرد، ايران , محمد خاني، عبدالرحمان دانشگاه شهركرد - دانشكده كشاورزي - گروه علوم باغباني، شهركرد، ايران , شيران، بهروز دانشگاه شهركرد - دانشكده كشاورزي - گروه علوم باغباني، شهركرد، ايران , باني نسب، بهرام دانشگاه صنعتي اصفهان - دانشكده كشاورزي - گروه علوم باغباني، اصفهان، ايران , راوش، رودابه دانشگاه شهركرد - دانشكده كشاورزي - گروه علوم باغباني، شهركرد، ايران
كليدواژه :
پاسخ رويشي , تحمل به تنش , فسفر , همزيستي
چكيده فارسي :
تنش‌هاي خشكي و شوري از مهم‌ترين عوامل محدودكننده رشد و كارآيي گياهان هستند. از اين‌رو پژوهشي جهت بررسي اثر تلقيح پايه‌هاي پسته با يك ايزوله از قارچ مايكوريزا آربسكولار بر ويژگي‌هاي رشدي، كارآيي استفاده از فسفر و مقاومت به تنش پايه‌ها در دانشگاه شهركرد در سال 96-1395 اجرا گرديد. دو آزمايش جداگانه به‌صورت فاكتوريل با سه فاكتور بر پايه طرح كاملا تصادفي در سه تكرار انجام شد. فاكتور اول در هردو آزمايش پايه‌هاي پسته در چهار سطح، شامل بادامي‌ريز زرند، قزويني، سرخس و هيبريد UCB1، فاكتور دوم در هردو آزمايش مايكوريزا در دو سطح شامل عدم تلقيح و تلقيح پايه‌ها و فاكتور سوم در آزمايش اول تنش خشكي (آبياري به ميزان 100درصد ظرفيت گلداني به‌عنوان شاهد، 80، 60 و 40 درصد ظرفيت گلداني) و در آزمايش دوم تنش شوري (91/0 به‌عنوان شاهد، 57/7، 12/16 و 63/24 دسي‌زيمنس برمتر) بود. دانهال‌هاي پسته به مدت 60 روز تحت تنش قرار داشتند. مايكوريزا باعث افزايش وزن تر ريشه، ساقه و برگ در هردو تنش و نسبت سطح برگ و سطح مخصوص برگ در تنش شوري گرديد. گياهان تلقيح‌شده با مايكوريزا كارآيي استفاده از فسفر كمتر و تحمل بيشتري در برابر تنش‌هاي خشكي و شوري داشتند. شاخص‌هاي رويشي و كارآيي استفاده از فسفر ريشه، برگ و كل گياه در اثر هر دو تنش خشكي و شوري كاهش يافت. واكنش چهار پايه استفاده شده در اين آزمايش به مايكوريزا و تنش‌هاي خشكي و شوري متفاوت بود. نتايج اين تحقيق نشان داد پايه‌هاي سرخس و UCB1 به‌ترتيب از نظر تحمل به تنش خشكي و شوري بهتر از دو پايه ديگر بودند.
چكيده لاتين :
Introduction
Environmental stresses are serious threats to agricultural production. Abiotic stress too is a serious threat to agricultural products. Pistachio is one of the most important agricultural products in Iran and United States and is grown in other countries as well. Pistachio has good yields in rain fed condition and increases the flush and quality of yield by irrigation. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are among the most useful microorganisms in soil, and most plants can become symbiotic with mycorrhiza, that help improve nutritional conditions and other functions such as photosynthesis and osmotic regulation under stress conditions.
Materials and Methods
AMF, (Funneliformis mosseae) were grown using corn (Zea mays). Four pistachio rootstocks in symbiosis with mycorrhiza were subjected to drought and salinity stress in two separate experiments. Plants were divided randomly into three treatments (three replications and 6 plants per treatment), Treatments included drought, salinity, mycorrhiza and rootstock (In Shahrekord University 32 °21 N 50° 49 E, 2017-18). At the end of the experiment, the plants were harvested. Then all parts of the plant, including roots, shoots and leaves, were separated and weighted. The amount of phosphorus was measured using a spectrophotometer (UV-Vis Spectrometer) at a wavelength of 470 nm (Olsen et al., 1954). Data were evaluated by Three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with SPSS 25.0.0.
Results and Discussion
The rootstock biomass in this experiment were influenced by different treatments (mycorrhiza, rootstock type and stress). P content of both leaves and root tissues of pistachio rootstocks was affected by both drought and salinity stress (Not shown in the data). Mycorrhiza increased root, stem and leaf fresh weight under drought and salinity stress and leaf area ratio and specific leaf area under salinity stress. Mycorrhiza-inoculated plants had lower phosphorus use efficiency and more tolerance to drought and salinity stresses. Growth indices and phosphorus use efficiency of root, leaf and total, decreased under both drought and salinity stresses. The Sarakhs rootstock was more salinity-sensitive than other rootstocks. In this research, pistachio rootstocks showed differences in biomass and biomass reduced under salinity and drought stress. Biomass reductions under abiotic stress (drought and salinity stress) conditions in previous studies on almond, peaches, olives, apple and pistachio fruit trees are also reported here. Biomass was higher in +M rootstocks, which could have been due to effects of mycorrhizal symbiosis on P absorption. The difference between rootstocks is related to rootstock absorption capacitywhich has to do with root condition. Therefore, rootstocks with better roots growth may develope root survival under stress condition. They can also be better in mineral uptake and more tolerant to stress statue, because the ability of plants to withstand stresses depends to a large extent on roots.
Conclusion
The use of beneficial soil microorganisms is one of the best strategies contributing to sustainable agriculture and the environment. Among the most beneficial soil microorganisms with which plants may establish a symbiotic relationship are arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). AMF can improve soil physicochemical properties that generate plant growth and elevate the status of plants in terms of water and mineral nutrition, leading to improved plant growth maintenance. Based on these findings, AMF in symbiosis with pistachio rootstocks helped increase drought and salinity stress tolerance.
