تبييني از پايه‌هاي نظري تفسير ساختارگرايانۀ قرآن

An Explanation of Theoretical Foundations of Qur’anic Structural Interpretation

ﺳــﻨﺖّ ﺗﻔﺴــﻴﺮي در ﻃــﻮل ﻗﺮنﻫــﺎ، ﺑــﺎ ﻧــﻮآوري و ﺑﺎﻟﻨــﺪﮔﻲ در ﺣــﻮزة روﻳﻜﺮدﻫﺎي ﺧﻮد ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪن ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻧﻴﺎﻓﺘـﻪ و ﻇﻬــﻮر ﻣﺴــﺎﺋﻞ ﻧﻮﭘﺪﻳــﺪ در ﺣــﻮزة ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﺎت ﻗﺮآﻧــﻲ، ﺳــﺒﺐ ﺷــﺪه ﺗــﺎ ﺿﺮورت ﺗﻜﺎﭘﻮ ﺑﺮاي دﺳﺖﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺑـﻪ روﻳﻜﺮدﻫـﺎي ﻧـﻮ در ﻓﻬـﻢ ﻗـﺮآن ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎن ﺗﺎ روزﮔﺎر ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ اﺣﺴﺎس ﺷﻮد. روﻳﻜـﺮد ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎرﮔﺮاﻳﺎﻧﻪ در ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺳﻮرهﻫﺎي ﻗـﺮآن، ﻛـﻪ ﻫـﺮ ﺳـﻮرة ﻗـﺮآن را ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﺑـﻪ ﻳـﻚ ﻣـﺘﻦ ﻣﻨﺴــﺠﻢ و داراي ارﺗﺒــﺎط ﻧﻈﺎمﻣﻨــﺪ ﺑــﻴﻦ اﺟــﺰاء ﻣﻲﻧﮕــﺮد، ﻳﻜــﻲ از روﻳﻜﺮدﻫﺎي ﻧﻮﭘﺪﻳﺪ در ﺣﻮزة ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻗﺮآن اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﺮﻏﻢ ﻃﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺧﻮد، ﻫﻨﻮز ﻧﻴﺎزﻣﻨﺪ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ و ﭘـﺎﻻﻳﺶ ﭘﺎﻳـﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﻈـﺮي ﺧـﻮد اﺳﺖ. ﻧﻮﺷـﺘﺎر ﺣﺎﺿـﺮ ﻧﮕـﺎﻫﻲ ﻧﻘﺎداﻧـﻪّ ﺑـﻪ اﺷـﻜﺎﻻت ﻣﻄـﺮح از ﺳـﻮي ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎن اﻳﻦ روﻳﻜﺮد دارد و ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻧﺘﻘﺎدي ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ اﻳـﻦ روﻳﻜـﺮد در ﺳﺎﺣﺖ ﻧﻈﺮي، ﻛﻪ ﺻﺤﺖّ و ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖّ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش اﻳﻦ روﻳﻜﺮد را ﺑﻪ ﭼـﺎﻟﺶ ﻣﻲﻛﺸﻨﺪ، ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. از ﺑﻴﻦ رﻓﺘﻦ ﻗـﺮاﺋﻦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕـﻲ و زﺑـﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺼـﺮ ﻧﺰول ﻗﺮآن، ﻋﺪم اﻧﻄﺒﺎق ﭼﻴﻨﺶ آﻳﺎت ﻗﺮآن ﺑﺮ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻧـﺰول، ﺗـﻮﻗﻴﻔﻲ ﻧﺒﻮدن ﭼﻴﻨﺶ ﻗـﺮآن و ﻓﻘـﺪان ﭘﺸـﺘﻮاﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻗﺮآﻧـﻲ و رواﻳـﻲ از ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ اﺷﻜﺎﻻت ﺣﻮزة ﻧﻈـﺮي روﻳﻜـﺮد ﺗﻔﺴـﻴﺮ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎرﮔﺮاﻳﺎﻧﻪ در دﻳﺪﮔﺎه ﻣﻨﺘﻘﺪان آن ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ. ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﺔ اﻳـﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﻴـﻞ ﺣـﺎﻛﻲ از آن اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ اﺧﺘﺼﺎص ﺑﻪ روﻳﻜﺮد ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎرﮔﺮاﻳﺎﻧﻪ در ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻗﺮآن ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ، ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺗﻤﺎم روﻳﻜﺮدﻫﺎي ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮي را ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ رﻓﺘﻪاﻧـﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨــﻴﻦ اﻳــﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌــﻪ ﺿــﺮورت ﺗﻘﻮﻳــﺖ ﺑﺮﺧــﻲ از ﻣﺒــﺎﻧﻲ روﻳﻜــﺮد ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﮔﺮاﻳﺎﻧﻪ در ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻔﻲ ﺑﻮدن ﭼﻴﻨﺶ ﺳﻮرهﻫﺎي ﻗﺮآن را روﺷﻦ ﻣﻲﺳﺎزد و ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻟﺰوم ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ و ﺗﺮوﻳﺞ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻫـﺎي ﻧـﻮﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﺣﻮزه، ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻈـﺮي اﻳـﻦ روﻳﻜـﺮد ﺗﻔﺴـﻴﺮي را ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻜﻢ و ﻗﺎﺑﻞ دﻓﺎع ﻣﻲداﻧﺪ.

The interpretive tradition has witnessed innovation and growth in its approaches over the centuries. The unanswered questions have led to the pursuit of new approaches to understanding the Qur’an until today. The structural approach to the interpretation of Qur’anic chapters, which considers each Surah a coherent text with a systematic connection between its components, is one of the emerging approaches in the field of Qur’anic interpretation that still needs to strengthen and refine its theoretical foundations. This article critically analyzes the barriers of this approach in the theoretical field, challenging the validity and acceptability of this approach. Lack of cultural and linguistic evidence of the revelation of the Qur’an, inconsistency of the order of Qur’anic verses with the order of revelation, nonconfiscation of the Qur’anic order, and lack of Qur’anic and narrative support are among the most important obstacles to the structural interpretation approach. The result of this analysis suggests that some of these obstacles are not specific to the structural approach to the interpretation of the Qur’an. Rather, they have targeted all interpretive approaches. This analysis also makes it clear that the structural approach to the interpretation of the Qur’an, although in some issues such as the confinement of the order of Surahs needs to strengthen its principles and further explain and promote these principles, in general in its theoretical field is strong and defensible.