بازخواني نظام مسائل حكمراني مراتع در جمهوري اسلامي ايران در راستاي تحقق سياست‌هاي كلي اصل 44 قانون اساسي

Reconsidering the rangeland governance issues in the Islamic Republic of Iran in order to implement the general policies of Article 44 of the Constitution

ﻫﺪف: ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ارزﺷﻤﻨﺪ در ﮐﺸﻮر ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ داراي ﮐﺎرﮐﺮدﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي و اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﮔﺴﺘﺮدهاي اﺳﺖ. ارزشﻫﺎي زﯾﺴﺖﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﺣﻔﻆ آب و ﺧﺎك، ﺑﺴﺘﺮ رﺷﺪ و ﭘﺮورش ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ و ﺟﺎﻧﻮري از ﯾﮏ ﺳﻮ و ارزشﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي درﺧﻮر ﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺷﮑﻞﮔﯿﺮي ﮐﺴﺐ وﮐﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ در ﺣﻮزهﻫﺎي داﻣﺪاري، دﯾﻢﮐﺎري و اﺳﺘﺤﺼﺎل ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن داروﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ. اداره اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ و ﺛﺮوتﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﮐﻪ از ﺳﺎﻟﯿﺎن دراز در اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﻣﺤﻠﯽِ روﺳﺘﺎﯾﯽ و ﻋﺸﺎﯾﺮي ﻗﺮار داﺷﺘﻪ، در ﺳﺪه اﺧﯿﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺤﻮﻻت ﻧﻬﺎدي ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ در اﺧﺘﯿﺎر دوﻟﺖ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ اذﻋﺎن ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎن اﯾﻦ ﺣﻮزه ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﺮوز ﺑﺴﯿﺎري از ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ و ﭘﯿﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺗﻼش داﺷﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ در راﺳﺘﺎي ﺗﺤﻘﻖ اﻫﺪاف ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎي ﮐﻠﯽ اﺻﻞ 44 ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﺳﺎﺳﯽ، ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ و ﺑﺎزﺧﻮاﻧﯽ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﯾﺠﺎدﺷﺪه در اﯾﻦ زﻣﯿﻨﻪ و رﯾﺸﻪﻫﺎي ﺷﮑﻞﮔﯿﺮي آن ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﭼﺎرﭼﻮب ﻧﻬﺎدي اﺳﮑﺎت ﺑﭙﺮدازد. ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ/ روشﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ/ روﯾﮑﺮد: ﺑﺮاي دﺳﺘﯿﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻫﺪف در ﭼﺎرﭼﻮب روﯾﮑﺮد ﮐﯿﻔﯽ از روش ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﻧﯿﻤﻪﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ، ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﺮدمﻧﮕﺎراﻧﻪ و واﮐﺎوي اﺳﻨﺎد ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ و دادهﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﮑﻨﯿﮏ »ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﻀﻤﻮن« اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ: ﺣﮑﻤﺮاﻧﯽ ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ دﭼﺎر ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪﮔﯽﻫﺎي ﺟﺪي و داراي اﺑﻌﺎد ﻣﺘﮑﺜﺮي اﺳﺖ و در ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ رﯾﺸﻪ اﯾﻦ ﭘﯿﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎ ﻧﻤﯽﺗﻮان ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ. ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﺣﺼﺎء ﺷﺪه ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از ﺳﻠﺐ ﺣﻖ ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ و ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداران، ذﻫﻨﯿﺖ ﺗﮏﺑﻌﺪي ﮐﻨﺶﮔﺮان دوﻟﺘﯽ، زوال ﻧﻬﺎد اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻣﺮﺗﻌﺪاري، ﻋﺪم ﮐﻔﺎﯾﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻣﺮﺗﻊداري، ﺗﻌﺎرض ﻣﯿﺎن دوﻟﺖ و ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداران، ﻋﺪم ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺟﺎﻣﻊ و ﻓﺮاﮔﯿﺮ و ﻧﺎﮐﺎرآﻣﺪي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي اداري. ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺖﻫﺎ و ﭘﯿﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎ: ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪﮔﯽ اﺑﻌﺎد ﺣﻮزه ﺣﮑﻤﺮاﻧﯽ ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ، ﺗﻼش ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ در اﯾﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ واﮐﺎوي ﺷﻮد. ﻻزم اﺳﺖ در ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻫﺎي آﺗﯽ ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎدﯾﻪﻫﺎي ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺘﯽ و اﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎي ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﯽ ﺑﺮاي اﺻﻼح ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﯾﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ اراﺋﻪ ﺷﻮد. ﭘﯿﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﯽ: راهﺣﻞ اﺻﻠﯽ ﺑﺮاي رﻓﻊ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﻀﻼت در ﺣﮑﻤﺮاﻧﯽ ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ، اﺻﻼح ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ و ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ و ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻮرﯾﺖ واﮔﺬاري ﺣﻖ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﻣﺮاﺗﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداران ﻣﺤﻠﯽ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺗﺴﻬﯿﻠﮕﺮي ﺑﺮاي ﺷﮑﻞﮔﯿﺮي ﺗﺸﮑﻞﻫﺎي ﻣﺮدﻣﯽ و ﺳﺎزوﮐﺎرﻫﺎي ﻫﻤﯿﺎراﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ. اﺑﺘﮑﺎر ﯾﺎ ارزش ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ: اﺑﺘﮑﺎر اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روﯾﮑﺮد ﻧﻬﺎدي ﺑﺮاي دﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﯾﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ اﺳﺖ.

One of the valuable natural resources in the country is rangelands, which has extensive economic and social functions: Environmental values such as conservation of water and soil, the growth and breeding ground of plant and animal species on the one hand and significant economic values that lead to the formation of various businesses in the fields of animal husbandry, breeding and extraction of medicinal plants. Managing these natural resources and assets, which has been at local rural and nomadic community’s disposal for hundreds of years, along with institutional changes that accured in recent decades, handed over to the government. This shift has caused many problems and harmful consequences based on comments of experts in this field. This article analyze and recover the issues created in this field and the roots of its formation using Scott's institutional framework in order to achieve the goals of the general policies of Article 44 of the Constitution.. Method: In the framework of the qualitative approach, the method of semi-structured interview, ethnographic observation and analysis of relevant documents has been used. Implications: One of the limitations of this research is that rangeland governance has serious complexities and has many dimensions and in identifying the root of these consequences, one factor can not be addressed. The most important issues are the deprivation of management of exploiters and the conflict between government and exploiters. Practical implications: Finally, while summarizing the issues of rangeland governance system, the main solution to solve these problems is to revise the law of natural resources and related structures and transfer of management of rangeland to local farmers, as well as facilitating the formation of grassroots organizations and cooperative mechanisms. Innovation: using Scott's institutional Approach for classification of issues