تبيين و تحليل شواهد باستان شناختي و مكتوب در بابِ مناسبات و تعاملات فرهنگي و هنري هخامنشيان و دولت-شهرهاي يوناني (سده-هاي 6-4پ.م)

Analysis and explanation of Literary and Archaeological evidence on cultural and artistic relations and interactions between Achaemenians and Greek city-states (4-6 BC)

ﺗﺄﺳـﯿﺲ ﺷـﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﯽ ﺗﺤﻮﻟﯽ ﺷﮕﺮف را در ﺳﺮﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﺳﺮزﻣﯿﻦﻫﺎي ﻏﺮب آﺳﯿﺎ رﻗﻢ زد. ﻧﯿﻤﮥ دوم ﻗﺮن 6پ.م در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺮزﺑﻨﺪيﻫﺎي ﺳـــﯿﺎﺳـــﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻠﯽ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﮐﺮد و ﺳـــﺮزﻣﯿﻦ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﺳـــﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ روزﮔﺎري را در ﺟﻨﮓ و ﺻـﻠﺢ ﺳﭙﺮي ﮐﺮده ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ، اﯾﻦ ﺑﺎر ﺟﻤﻠﮕﯽ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻟﻮاي ﯾﮏ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﻗﺪرﺗﻤﻨﺪ ﺟـﺎي ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨـﺪ. اﯾﻦ اﺗﺤﺎد ﺗﻤﺪن ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﺳـــﺘﺎﻧﯽ، ﺗﺤﻮﻟﯽ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ در ﻋﺮﺻـــﮥ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ را ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل آورد. ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸـــﯿﺎن ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً داﺷـــﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻨﻮي اﻗﻮام ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻪ را ﺑﻪ دﯾﺪة اﺣﺘﺮام و ﺗﺤﺴـــﯿﻦ ﻣﯽ ﻧﮕﺮﯾﺴـــﺘﻨﺪ و از اﯾﻦ ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﺑﻬﺮه ﻣﯽﺑﺮدﻧﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻧﮕﺎه ﺑﻪ ﺛﺮوتﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻨﻮي اﻗﻮام دﯾﮕﺮ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ دﺳﺘﺎوردﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ و ﻫﻨﺮي آنﻫﺎ در ﺗﻤﺪﻧﯽ ﻧﻮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم »ﺗﻤﺪن ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﯽ« ﻣﺠﺎل اداﻣﮥ ﺣﯿﺎت ﯾﺎﺑﺪ ﮐﻪ اﻣﺮوز ﻫﻢ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴـﮥ آﺛﺎر ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸـﯽ و اﻗﻮام ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻪ، وﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎي ﻫﻨﺮي آنﻫﺎ را از ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ ﺑﺎزﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ. ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﯿﺎن از ﺑﺪو ﺗﺄﺳــﯿﺲ اﻣﭙﺮاﺗﻮري ﺧﻮﯾﺶ، ﭘﯿﻮﺳــﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳــﺮزﻣﯿﻦ ﻫﺎ و دوﻟﺖ-ﺷــﻬﺮﻫﺎي ﯾﻮﻧﺎﻧﯽ در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. اﯾﻦ رواﺑﻂ ﺑﺎ دوﻟﺖ-ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎي ﯾﻮﻧﺎﻧﯽﻧﺸﯿﻦ آﺳﯿﺎي ﺻﻐﯿﺮ اﻏﻠﺐ ﺟﻨﺒﮥ ﺳﻠﻄﻪﮔﺮي داﺷﺖ و ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ و ﻫﻨﺮي آﻧﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان رﻋﺎﯾﺎي ﺷﺎهﺑﺰرگ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداري ﻗﺮارﻣﯽﮔﺮﻓﺖ، اﻣﺎ اﯾﻦ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﯾﻮﻧﺎﻧﯿﺎنِ اروﭘﺎ ﺑﯿﺸــﺘﺮ ﺑﺮاﺳــﺎس ﯾﮏ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم رﻗﺎﺑﺖﺟﻮﯾﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻣﯽﺷــﻮد. ﮐﺎﻣﯿﺎﺑﯽﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ دوﻟﺖ-ﺷــﻬﺮﻫﺎي ﯾﻮﻧﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل ﻧﺒﺮدﻫﺎي ﯾﻮﻧﺎﻧﯽ-ﭘﺎرﺳﯽ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آوردﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ دﯾﭙﻠﻤﺎﺳﯽ ﻓﻌﺎل روي آورﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد اﯾﻦ، در ﻻﯾﻪﻫﺎي زﯾﺮﯾﻦ رواﺑﻂ ﺳـــﯿﺎﺳـــﯽ و ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ اﺗﻔﺎق اﻓﺘﺎد، ﯾﮏ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺷــﮑﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. آﺛﺎر ﺑﺮﺟﺎي ﻣﺎﻧﺪه و ﺑﻪ دﺳــﺖ آﻣﺪه از ﭘﺎرﺳــﯿﺎن و ﯾﻮﻧﺎﻧﯿﺎن در ﺳــﺮزﻣﯿﻦﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺣﺎﮐﻤﯿﺖ آﻧﺎن، واﺟﺪ وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎي ﻣﺸـــﺘﺮﮐﯽ ﻫﺴـــﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼـــﺎدﻓﯽ ﺑﻮدن آنﻫﺎ ﺣﮑﻢ ﮐﺮد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ در ﻣﺘﻮن ﻣﮑﺘﻮب ﮐﻼﺳــﯿﮏ ﯾﻮﻧﺎﻧﯽ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ رواﺑﻂ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ و ﻫﻨﺮي ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎرﺳــﯿﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﻣﺸــﻬﻮد اﺳـﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺮ آن اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﻮاﻫﺪ ﻣﮑﺘﻮب و ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎنﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺑﭙﺮدازد ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ و ﻫﻨﺮي در ﭼﻪ زﻣﯿﻨﻪﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن داﺷـــﺘﻪ اﺳـــﺖ؟ ﺑﺮ اﺳـــﺎس اﯾﻦ ﭼﺎرﭼﻮب اﺳـــﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓﭘﺬﯾﺮي ﺑﯿﻦ ﭘﺎرﺳﯿﺎن و ﯾﻮﻧﺎﻧﯿﺎن را ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﮐﺮد.

The establishment of Achaemenid Empire (559-331 BC) marked a dramatic change in the fate of western lands of Asia. In the second half of the 6th century BC, political boundaries were changed totally and the ancient lands that had spent a period in war and peace, were placed under the banner of a strong empire, this time. The alliance of ancient civilizations, resulted a dramatic change in the cultural field. Achaemenids usually used to respect and appreciate the other nations’ spiritual wealth and took advantage of them, accordingly. This kind of look at the spiritual wealth of the other nations, paved the way for appearance of a new civilization called “Achaemenid Civilization” with its own characteristics. Since the establishment of their empire, the Achaemenids had been in constant contact with the Greek lands. These relations with the small Greek city-states of Asia Minor had often domination aspect and their cultural and artistic capacities were exploited as the subjects of the great king, but this connection with the Greeks of Europe would be more considered on the basis of a competitive concept. The successes of Greek city-states, following the Greek-Persian battles, led to an active diplomacy. However, in the underlying layers of political relations and discourse that occurred, there was also a process of cultural interaction. In the relics left over from the Persians and the Greeks in various lands under their control, common characteristics have been seen that is not considered as an accident. The influence of the cultural and artistic relations with Persians, is also well evident in Greek literary texts. The purpose of this research is to study the fields of these cultural and artistic interactions on the basis of literary and archeological evidence in order to analyze and explain the process of acculturation between Persians and Greeks.