بازشناسي تأثير شغل و سطح اجتماعي مالكان مسلمان خانه‌هاي قجري بوشهر در شكل‌گيري سلسله‌مراتب محرميّت فضاي ورودي

The Recognition of the Impact of Occupation and Social Class of Muslim Owners of Qajari Houses of Bushehr on Shaping the Privacy Hierarchy of the Entrance Space

محرميّت يكي از اركان اصلي معماري اسلامي است كه هم قرآن و هم سخنان اهل‌بيت، رعايت آن را در خانه امري مهم و لازمه‌ي رسيدن به آرامش خانواده برشمرده‌اند. در خانه‌هاي بناشده در دوران اسلامي، اين اصل باارزش معماري به‌خوبي رعايت شده اما متأسفانه امروزه در ساختن خانه‌ها ناديده گرفته مي‌شود؛ بنابراين بررسي خانه‌هاي سنتي كه اصل محرميّت در آنها رعايت شده مي‌تواند راهگشاي معماران در بازشناسي و به‌كارگيري اين اصل در معماري مسكن باشد. سلسله‌مراتب ورودي كه از عوامل ايجاد محرميّت در خانه‌ها بوده است؛ نشأت گرفته از اعتقادات مذهبي، فرهنگي، اجتماعي و برخي عوامل ديگر است كه تابه‌حال بدان پرداخته نشده است. بسته به همين عوامل، اين سلسله‌مراتب طولاني‌تر و يا كوتاه‌تر مي‌شده است. بافت تاريخي شهر بوشهر يكي از مناطقي است كه اين اصل در آن به‌خوبي رعايت شده است. بر همين اصل اين نوشتار سعي دارد كه به بررسي سلسله‌مراتب محرميّت در ورودي خانه‌هاي تاريخي شهر بوشهر بپردازد و مقايسه‌اي ميان سلسله‌مراتبِ ورودي خانه‌ها و ارتباط آن با شغل مالكان بناها صورت دهد. اين تحقيق با به‌كارگيري روش توصيفي- تحليلي صورت گرفته است و در آن به ارائه‌ي تعاريف و مصاديق رعايت اصل محرميّت در اسلام، با استفاده از منابع كتابخانه‌اي و مقالات معتبر و بررسي خانه‌هاي شهر بوشهر با مشاهده مستقيم از بنا، به‌كارگيري نقشه‌ها و مصاحبه حضوري از افراد بومي و متخصص پرداخته‌شده است. با بررسي يافته‌هاي اين تحقيق مشخص گرديد كه شغل و سطح اجتماعي افراد در شكل‌گيري سلسله‌مراتب ورودي خانه‌هاي قجري مالكان مسلمان بوشهر، تأثيرگذار بوده است. بدينگونه كه خانه‌ي صاحبان مشاغل رياستي به دليل رفت‌وآمد مكرر كارگزاران مهم دولتي، بيشترين ميزان سلسله‌مراتب محرميّت را دارند، در مرتبه بعدي خانه‌هاي تجار و طبيبان شهر قرار مي‌گيرند كه به دليل رفت‌وآمد زياد خريداران و مردم عادي، از سطح محرميّت نسبتاً زيادي برخوردار هستند و در سطوح پايين‌تر كه افراد داراي مشاغل كارمندي و با سطح اجتماعي متوسط را شامل مي‌شود، با كمترين ميزان سلسله‌مراتب محرميّت در ميان خانه‌هاي مورد بررسي روبرو هستيم.

Privacy is one of the basic principles of Islamic architecture. Islamic texts like Quran and Hadiths indicate that privacy is an important subject in the house which provides peace for the family. The houses that are built in Islamic era represent this principle, but unfortunately, this important architectural principle is nowadays ignored in houses. Therefore, reviewing the privacy principle in the traditional houses can help the architects recognize and apply it in houses. The entrance hierarchy, which is based on several factors such as religious, cultural, social, etc., is one of the elements to create the privacy in houses. It seems that this hierarchy in Bushehr’s houses is due to other factors that have not been investigated before. This article tries to discuss these points: the meaning of privacy hierarchy, reviewing the privacy hierarchy in the entrance of Bushehr historical houses, and its relation with the homeowner’s job. So in this article, the theory of hierarchy of privacy in Islam has been used by library resources, articles and internet sites and the traditional houses of Bushehr are studied by using interviews with experts, direct observation, and the documents that have remained from these houses. The results show that the occupation of Muslim home owners of Bushehr has influenced the entrance hierarchy in buildings. So the houses of important governmental people had the highest hierarchy privacy due to their relations with important people. Doctors and businessmen’s homes had a relatively high level of privacy due to their relations with customers and ordinary people. The homes of people with office jobs and normal social level had the lowest hierarchy privacy among the homes that were surveyed. Thus it can be said that, based on a Muslim owner’s job, the amount of privacy hierarchy had been different which are classified into three different types. The first type; the entrance was located at the corner of the house plan as of the businessmen and doctors’ houses. Due to a high number of visiting people, the entrance was designed with high privacy level and no direct visibility into the house. In some cases, for men’s trade affairs, there was a room whose entrance was located in the first vestibule of the house.The second type; the entrance of these houses was located on one side of the house plan. It opened to the courtyard with less hierarchy than the previous type. It just contained a corridor because few unfamiliar people visited these houses which belonged to the governmental office workers. The third type; these houses had two separate entrances and belonged to important people (such as consuls, mayors, sheriffs, etc.). The house and office of these people were combined in one complex. Because important governmental people visited these houses, two entrances were created to separate the private and public sections of the house.