پديد آورندگان :
نژادابراهيمي، احد داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻫﻨﺮ اﺳﻼﻣﯽ - داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻣﻌﻤﺎري و ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺎزي، ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺰ، ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺰ، اﯾﺮان , شهبازي، ياسر داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻫﻨﺮ اﺳﻼﻣﯽ - داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻣﻌﻤﺎري و ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺎزي، ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺰ، ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺰ، اﯾﺮان , امجدمحمدي، امير داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻫﻨﺮ اﺳﻼﻣﯽ - داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻣﻌﻤﺎري و ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺎزي، ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺰ، ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺰ، اﯾﺮان
كليدواژه :
كاربندي , رسمي‌بندي , باريكه‌تاق متقاطع , پوشش تاقي , معماري ايراني
چكيده فارسي :
يكي از مباحث مهم در فهم تاريخ معماري ايران، مطالعه و دسته‌بندي تاق‌پوش‌ها است، كاربندي و رسمي‌بندي، عناصر تاقي مبتني بر الگوهاي هندسي هستند كه ريشه در نبوغ هندسه ترسيمي معماران ايراني دارند. عليرغم اهميت اين عناصر تاقي، در تعاريف استادكاران و پژوهشگران از ماهيت آنها و دسته‌بندي‌هاي ارائه شده، اختلاف نظر و حتي تناقضاتي وجود دارد كه اين امر درك مفاهيم پايه، توسعه ساختارهاي جديد و نوآوري را با مشكلاتي مواجه مي‌سازد. مسئله اصلي اين پژوهش يافتن تفاوت بين كاربندي و رسمي‌بندي از منظر مكان اجرا و نحوه كاربست‌شان مي‌باشد و هدف تحقيق شفاف‌سازي مفاهيم كاربندي و رسمي‌بندي و رسيدن به يك دسته‌بندي جامع بر مبناي ساختگاه و نحوه كاربست آنها است. براي رسيدن به اين هدف، ابتدا آرا و نظريات موجود در زمينه كاربندي و رسمي‌بندي مورد كنكاش قرار گرفت تا تعريف مشخصي از كاربندي و رسمي‌بندي ارائه گردد. سپس گونه‌هاي مختلف آنها با در نظر گرفتن مولفه‌هاي مكاني و ساختاري به دست آمدند. اين پژوهش از نوع تحقيق‌هاي بنيادي ـ نظري مي‌باشد و به روش تحليلي ـ توصيفي كار شده و اطلاعات لازم از طريق مطالعات ميداني، مشاهده عيني و بررسي‌هاي كتابخانه‌اي جمع‌آوري شده‌اند. با توجه به اين نكته كه استادكاران و پژوهشگران، عناصر متشكل از باريكه تاق‌هاي متقاطع كه در قالب هندسه وتري ترسيم و اجرا مي شوند را «كار» ناميده‌اند، نتايج تحقيق نشان مي‌دهد كه هر چند مؤلفه باربري، مهمترين وجه تمايز كارهاي مختلف است، ولي استقرار كارها در پوشش اصلي يا پوشش زيرين نمي‌تواند ملاك تشخيص كاربندي از رسمي‌بندي باشد و براي تشخيص اين دو از همديگر بايد مؤلفه‌هاي محل كاربست، خصوصيات شكلي، خصوصيات ساختاري، نقش ساختماني و كاربرد، جنس مصالح باريكه تاق‌ها و نقش سازه‌اي، لحاظ گردد. در نهايت يك دسته‌بندي جامع از گونه‌هاي مختلف كاربندي و رسمي‌بندي بر مبناي مؤلفه‌هاي مذكور ارائه گرديد.
چكيده لاتين :
The so-called “Karbandi” and “Rasmibandi” are two
kinds of vault covering elements based on Islamic star
geometry, which are of the most common patterns in
the restored projects and new buildings, including the
Haj Mohammad Qoli Timche in Tabriz historic bazaar,
the Mausoleum of Omar Khayyam in Nishapur, and
others. These patterns are created by intersecting
several rib vaults based on totally strict mathematical
and structural techniques. Despite the importance of
Karbandi and Rasmibandi in Persian architecture,
there are plethora of contradictions and disagreements
between workmen and researchers for determining
and classification of various types of Karbandi
and Rasmibandi. Therefore, the solidarity of previous
statements and papers are diminished. Accordingly,
the major question is as: what are the differences
between various types of Karbandi and Rasmibandi
based on their place and method of usage. The purpose
of this paper is the clarification of Karbandi and
Rasmibandi types and to find the similarities and differences
between them. This study is a basic theoretical
research and the research methodology used is
analytic-descriptive, which relies on historical sources,
historical documents, texts and images in historical
periods and constructed samples. The paper is presented
in two major sections. The first section is related
to the scrutiny and comparison of previous
works and attempts to determine the specific definitions
of Karbandi and Rasmibandi concepts. As a consequence,
the position of Kars in either major or secondary
vaults cannot be used as criteria to distinguish
Karbandi from Rasmibandi. The Karbandi as coverture
can be used in both covertures of major vaults and
coverture of secondary vaults, whilst, Rasmibandi can
exclusively be used beneath major vaults. The most
important difference between the major and secondary
vaults is the kind of their load bearing mechanism.
In the case of major vaults, the burden of both two
clusters, dead loads and live loads, is by means of
Karbandi. However, in the secondary vaults, Karbandi
usually bears its own dead loads. Moreover, the Nimkar
(semi-work) can be categorized in two Karbandi
and Rasmibandi groups based on their performance
and load bearing behavior. Karbandi has a rib vault of
load bearings elements, whilst, Rasmibandi is constructed
in dependence with upper vaults.
In the second section of this paper, the applications
of different Karbandi and Rasmibandi types are
investigated and their key points are highlighted by
considering the findings of the previous section. The
results indicate that, not only can Karbandi be used in
the applications of coverture positions, but it also has
non-coverture uses. Karbandi is someties used as
either “Chapireh-Sazi” or in facade of buildings. In the
case of “Chapireh-Sazi”, Karbandi is usually used by
means of “Shekanj” and “Gosheh-Sazi”. In the case of
Gosheh-Sazi, the transition is usually done without
any height increase of dome. Thus, “Chanbare” is not
created beneath the dome and the height of Chapireh-
Sazi remains unchanged. Finally, a comprehensive
classification of various types of Karbandi and
Rasmibandi was presented based on usage place,
constructional and form-related features, application,
structural function, and material of rib vaults.
