شاخص هاي ژئوپليتيكي شهرهاي مذهبي (مورد مطالعه شهر مقدس مشهد)

Geopolitical indicators of religious cities (case study of the holy city of Mashhad)

ﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﻨﯿﺎدي ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﭘﺎﯾﮕﺎه اﺟﺘﻤﺎع ﺑﺸﺮي اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ اﻫﺪاف آدﻣﯽ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﻪ ﺣﻀﻮر در آن ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﯽ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ.ﺷﻬﺮ ﻫﺎ داراي ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻨﻮع و ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ، اﯾﻦ ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ و ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﺮوز ﭘﯿﺪا ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ.ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد ﻫﺎي ﺷﻬﺮي ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ از دو ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻗﺪرت و رﻗﺎﺑﺖ اﺳﺖ، ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺒﻊ ﻣﯿﺰان و ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﯿﺘﻮاﻧﺪ در ﺳﻄﻮح ﻣﻠﯽ، ﻣﺤﻠﯽ، ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اي و ﻓﺮاﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اي ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﯾﺎﺑﺪ.ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد ﻫﺎي ﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﯿﺘﻮاﻧﺪ در اﺑﻌﺎد ﻣﻬﻢ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ، اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي، ﻣﺬﻫﺒﯽ و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﻇﻬﻮر ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ و در ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻗﺪرﺗﯽ در ﻓﻀﺎي ﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﯿﺮد، ﮐﻪ از آن ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان ژﺋﻮﭘﻠﯿﺘﯿﮏ ﺷﻬﺮي ﯾﺎد ﻣﯿﺸﻮد.ﺷﻬﺮ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ داراي ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد وﯾﮋه ﻣﺬﻫﺒﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ، در ﻃﻮل ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻔﺎي ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺧﻮد ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ و ﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻘﺪس ﻣﺸﻬﺪ داراي ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻧﻘﺶ ﭘﺮ اﻫﻤﯿﺘﯽ اﺳﺖ. از اﯾﻦ رو اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ » ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺼﻪ ﻫﺎي ژﺋﻮﭘﻠﺘﯿﮑﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﻗﺪرت ﻣﻮرد ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮداري ﻗﺮار ﻣﯿﮕﯿﺮد، ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺠﺮﺑﯽ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻫﺪف از اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ و ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ اﯾﻦ ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد ﻫﺎ و ﻣﯿﺰان ﺗﻮاﻣﻨﺪي ﻫﺎي ﯾﮏ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﯽ، ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺎ دو روش ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ارﺟﺎع ﺑﻪ ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ، اﺳﻨﺎد، ﻣﻘﺎﻻت و وﺑﺴﺎﯾﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ اي ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﺷﺪه ﺗﺎ ﻧﻈﺮات ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﯿﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ژﺋﻮﭘﻠﯿﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺬﻫﺒﯽ اﺧﺬ ﮔﺮدد. در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ اﯾﻦ داده ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار spss ﻓﺮﯾﺪﻣﻦ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻗﺮارﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ.ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯿﺪﻫﺪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ژﺋﻮﭘﻠﯿﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺬﻫﺒﯽ و ﺑﻮﯾﮋه ﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻘﺪس ﻣﺸﻬﺪ داراي ﭼﻪ ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ ﻫﺎ، ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد ﻫﺎ و ﺗﻮاﻧﻤﻨﺪي ﻫﺎ در ﺟﻬﺖ ارﺗﻘﺎء ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﺷﻬﺮ و ﺑﻪ ارﺗﺒﺎط آن در ﻣﻘﯿﺎس ﻣﺤﻠﯽ، ﻣﻠﯽ، ﻓﺮاﻣﻠﯽ و ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اي اﺳﺖ.

The city is the most fundamental base of human society, through which human goals evolve and develop.Cities have a variety of functions, these functions are based on the history and location of the city.Urban functions are influenced by two elements of power and competition, which by nature can be expanded at the national, local, regional and supra-regional levels.The purpose of this study is to analyze and explain these functions and the degree of association of a religious city with the case of Mashhad.This research has been done with two descriptive-analytical methods. The resources used are references to the relevant library, documents, articles and websites that have been collected.Also, a questionnaire was prepared to obtain the opinions of experts to explain the geopolitical indicators of religious cities. Finally, this data was analyzed using Friedman SPSS software.The results of this study show the geopolitical indicators of religious cities, especially the holy city of Mashhad, what capacities, functions and capabilities have in order to promote the political management of the city and its relationship at the local, national, transnational and regional scales.