پديد آورندگان :
واحدپور، نورالدين دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي واحد قشم، قشم، ايران , ديانت، محسن دانشگاه پيام نور - گروه علوم سياسي، تهران، ايران , سهيلي نجف آبادي، سهيل دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي واحد قشم - گروه حقوق و علوم سياسي، قشم، ايران
كليدواژه :
اﻓﺮاط ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ دﯾﻨﯽ , روﺳﯿﻪ و ﺑﺎزدارﻧﺪﮔﯽ , ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺧﺎورﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ , اﯾﺮان و ﺗﺮﮐﯿﻪ , ﻋﺮﺑﺴﺘﺎن و ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ
چكيده فارسي :
ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎن روﺳﯿﻪ ﭘﺲ از ﺳﻘﻮط ﺷﻮروي ﺳﺎﺑﻖ، ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋه ﭘﺲ از ﺳﺎل 2000م، اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ اﻓﺮاط ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ در ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎن اﯾﻦ ﮐﺸﻮر را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن روﺳﯽ ﻫﺸﺪار داده اﻧﺪ رادﯾﮑﺎل ﻫﺎ و ﺳﻠﻔﯿﻮن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎن ﺑﺎ اراﺋﻪ ي ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺆاﻻت و ﻣﻌﻀﻼت ﺟﻮاﻧﺎن، در ﺣﺎل ﺟﺬب ﮐﺮدن اﯾﻦ ﻗﺸﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮﮔﺬار ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و در روﺳﯿﻪ اﻣﺮوز ﺳﻠﻔﯽﻫﺎ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻋﻤﺪهاي در ﺳﺎﻣﺎن دﻫﯽ اﺳﻼم ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺧﻮد ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪه دارﻧﺪ و ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎتﻫﺎي ﺿﺪروﺳﯽ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪي ﻗﻔﻘﺎز و دﯾﮕﺮ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎي روﺳﯿﻪ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﺳﻠﻔﯽﻫﺎ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﻋﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺧﺎص در ﺧﺎورﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ و ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮص ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﻋﺮﺑﺴﺘﺎن، ﻣﺼﺮ، ﺗﻮﻧﺲ و ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ آﻣﻮزش ﻣﯽ ﺑﯿﻨﻨﺪ. ﺣﻀﻮر ﺧﯿﻞ ﮔﺴﺘﺮده ﻣﺒﺎرزان ﺟﻬﺎدي روس در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻬﺎن اﺳﻼم از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﺮاق و ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ، ﺷﺎﻫﺪي ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﺪﻋﺎﺳﺖ. ﺣﻀﻮر ﭼﺸﻤﮕﯿﺮ روسﻫﺎ در ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﺒﺎرزان ﺗﮑﻔﯿﺮي ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎ و ﺗﻮاﻧﻤﻨﺪيﻫﺎي ﻓﺮاوان آنﻫﺎ در ﻣﺒﺎرزه، ﺑﯿﺎﻧﮕﺮ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻋﻠﻞ اﯾﻦ ﭘﺪﯾﺪه اﺳﺖ. از ﻃﺮﻓﯽ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺧﺎورﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ داﺷﺘﻦ ﻣﺮزﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ، ﻧﮕﺮش ﻫﺎي ﺑﻌﺜﯽ، ﻣﻠﯽ ﮔﺮاﯾﺎﻧﻪ، ﻋﺮوﺑﺖ و ﺟﻨﺒﺶ ﻫﺎي اﺳﻼﻣﯽ و ﺗﻀﺎدﻫﺎي اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ از ﯾﮏ ﺳﻮ، و ﺣﻀﻮر ﮐﻨﺸﮕﺮان ﻓﺮا ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اي از ﺳﻮي دﯾﮕﺮ، از اﺑﺘﺪاي ﻗﺮن ﺑﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺎﮐﻨﻮن ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﻀﺞ و ﺳﺎزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﯽ ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎي ﺑﻨﯿﺎدﮔﺮاي اﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ژﯾﻮﭘﻠﯿﺘﯿﮑﯽ و ﺣﺴﺎس ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮﮔﺬاري دﯾﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر اﻋﻢ و ﺑﻨﯿﺎدﮔﺮاﯾﯽ دﯾﻨﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر اﺧﺺ در آن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرﺗﯽ ﮐﺎﻣﻼ آﺷﮑﺎر ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺎن ﺷﺪه و ﻣﺼﺎدﯾﻖ ﺑﺎرز آن ﺣﻮادث ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي اﺧﯿﺮ در ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﻋﺮاق، ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ، ﯾﻤﻦ و... اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺳﻮال اﺻﻠﯽ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ راﻫﺒﺮد ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ روﺳﯿﻪ در ﺧﺎورﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ در ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش اﻓﺮاط ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ دﯾﻨﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﮐﯿﺪ ﺑﺮ ﭼﻬﺎر ﺑﺎزﯾﮕﺮ اﺻﻠﯽ اﯾﺮان، ﺗﺮﮐﯿﻪ، ﻋﺮﺑﺴﺘﺎن و ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ از اﺑﺘﺪاي ﻗﺮن ﺣﺎﺿﺮ و ﺑﻪ وﯾﮋه ﺳﺎﻟﯿﺎن ﻣﺘﺎﺧﺮ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ؟ روش اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ- ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ اﺳﺖ. در 10 ﺳﺎل اﺧﯿﺮ، ﺗﻤﺎم ﺣﻤﻼت ﺗﺮورﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ در ﻗﻠﻤﺮو ﺷﻮروي، از ﺳﻮي ﺳﻠﻔﯽ ﻫﺎي ﺗﮑﻔﯿﺮي ﺑﻮده ﮐﺮﻣﻠﯿﻦ ﻧﮕﺮان اﺳﺖ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﯿﺖ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ اﻓﺮاطﮔﺮاﯾﯽ دﯾﻨﯽ در ﺧﺎورﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ، ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺸﻮﯾﻖ ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ ﺑﺰرگ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎن ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ي آﺳﯿﺎي ﻣﺮﮐﺰي ﺷﻮد و در ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ، اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻣﺪاﺧﻠﻪ ي ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ را ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﺳﺎزد. ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ، اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﻣﯽ رود ﮐﻪ ﺑﻨﯿﺎدﮔﺮاﯾﺎن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎن در ﭼﭽﻦ ﺑﺎر دﯾﮕﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﺎن ﺟﺪاﯾﯽ از ﻓﺪراﺳﯿﻮن روﺳﯿﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﺑﺪون ﺗﺮدﯾﺪ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻧﻔﻮذ اﺳﻼم رادﯾﮑﺎل در ﻣﯿﺎن ﻧﯿﺮوﻫﺎي ﺷﻮرﺷﯽ ﺳﻮرﯾﻪ، ﻋﺰم روﺳﯿﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺖ از رژﯾﻢ اﺳﺪ را ﺗﻘﻮﯾﺖ ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪي ﻗﻔﻘﺎز ﺷﻤﺎﻟﯽ، ﮐﻪ ﺟﻤﻬﻮريﻫﺎي داﻏﺴﺘﺎن، ﭼﭽﻦ، اﯾﻨﮕﻮﺷﺘﯿﺎ، اوﺳﺘﯿﺎي ﺷﻤﺎﻟﯽ، ﮐﺎﺑﺎردﯾﻨﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﮑﺎرﯾﺎ، ﻗﺮه ﭼﺎي، ﭼﺮﮐﺲ و آدﯾﻐﻪ را در ﺑﺮ ﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮد، ﻣﻮﻃﻦ ده ﻫﺎ ﮔﺮوه ﻗﻮﻣﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻓﺮوﭘﺎﺷﯽ ﺷﻮروي، ﻋﺮﺑﺴﺘﺎن ﻣﺒﻠﻐﺎن ﺑﺴﯿﺎري را ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺬب ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎن روﺳﯿﻪ، ﻗﻔﻘﺎز و آﺳﯿﺎي ﻣﺮﮐﺰي ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻋﺰام ﮐﺮد. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ اﻧﺪﮐﯽ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﻓﺮوﭘﺎﺷﯽ، روسﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻇﻬﻮر و ﮔﺴﺘﺮش وﻫﺎﺑﯿﺖ در روﺳﯿﻪ و ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ و اﮐﻨﻮن ﻧﯿﺰ ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ و ﺗﺴﻠﯿﺤﺎﺗﯽ ﻋﺮﺑﺴﺘﺎن و ﻗﻄﺮ از ﺳﻠﻔﯽ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي روﺳﯿﻪ ﻧﮕﺮان ﮐﻨﻨﺪه اﺳﺖ. در ﺣﺎل ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻋﺮﺑﺴﺘﺎن ﻧﻔﻮذ زﯾﺎدي در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﯽ روﺳﯿﻪ دارد و ﺑﺎ ﺧﺮج ﭘﻮل ﻫﺎي زﯾﺎد و ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻢ ﺟﻮاﻧﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺤﺼﯿﻞ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﮐﺸﻮر ﻣﯽروﻧﺪ، ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮوﯾﺞ اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻠﻔﯽ ﮔﺮي و وﻫﺎﺑﯿﺖ ﻣﯽ ﭘﺮدازد.
چكيده لاتين :
The Middle east, due to its heterogeneous political borders, Ba'athist, nationalist attitudes, extremism and Islamic movements and human conflicts on the one hand, and the presence of trans-regional activists on the other, has been a place of maturity and organization since the beginning of the twentieth century. Has been Islamic fundamentalists. In this geopolitical and sensitive region, the influence of religion in general and religious fundamentalism in particular has become quite obvious, and the obvious examples are the events of recent years in Iraq, Syria, Yemen, and so on. According to this introduction, the main question of the dissertation is what has been Russia's foreign policy strategy in the Middle East in the light of the spread of religious extremism with emphasis on the four main actors of Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Syria since the beginning of this century and especially in recent years? The method of doing the dissertation is descriptive-analytical. For the past 10 years, all terrorist attacks in Soviet territory have been carried out by Takfiri Salafis. And, as a result, provide the possibility of international intervention. In addition, it is likely that Muslim fundamentalists in Chechnya will once again demand secession from the Russian Federation. Undoubtedly, the growing influence of radical Islam among Syrian rebel forces has strengthened Russia's resolve to support the Assad regime. The North Caucasus region, which includes the republics of Dagestan, Chechnya, Ingushetia, North Ossetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Qarachai, Circassia and Adygea, is home to dozens of ethnic groups. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Saudi Arabia sent many missionaries to attract Muslims from Russia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia. Thus, only shortly after the collapse did the Russians witness the rise of Wahhabism in Russia and the region, and now Saudi Arabia and Qatar's financial and weapons support for the Salafis is worrying for Russia. At present, Saudi Arabia has a lot of influence in the southern regions of Russia, and by spending a lot of money and educating the young people who go to this country to study, it promotes the ideas of Salafism and Wahhabism.
