نگاهي نو به معيار نفقه زوجه در فرض اعسار زوج

A New Look at the Standard of Alimony for the Wife, Assuming that the Husband is in Debt

صرفنظر از وجوب نفقه زوجه بر عهده زوج، معيار و ملاك تعيين نفقه زوجه، خاستگاه اختلاف نظر فقهي مي‌باشد؛ به طوري كه مشهور فقيهان، ملاك را به طور مطلق، شأن امثال «زوجه» در محلّ زندگي او مي­دانند. ديدگاه دوم، ملا ك تعيين نفقه را شأن و وضعيّت «زوجين» و ديدگاه سوم، ملاك را شأن و وضعيّت «زوج» دانسته است. تحقيق حاضر ضمن تحليل و بازخواني مباني اقوال موجود و نيز با بهره­گيري از مستندات فقهي، در حكم فقهي مسأله، قائل به تفصيل شده و با لحاظ شرايط اقتصادي زوجين، به نظري تلفيقي از ديدگاه سوم و مشهور قائل شده است؛ بدين شيوه كه در فرض همساني شأن و موقعيّت اجتماعي خانواده زوجين يا متموّل بودن زوج، ملاك تعيين نفقه را شأن و موقعيّت اجتماعي زن دانسته اما در فرض عدم همسانيِ موقعيّت اجتماعي و اقتصادي زوجين - به گونه­ اي كه خانواده زوجه، متموّل و زوج، فقير و معسر باشد - ملاك تعيين نفقه زوجه، وضعيّت اقتصادي زوج است. ره‌آورد اين نظريه تفصيلي، به پيشنهاد اصلاح ماده 1107 قانون مدني كه به تبع قول مشهور فقيهان، به نحو اطلاق، شأن زوجه را ملاك تعيين نفقه قرار داده است، منجرّ شده است.

Irrespective of the husband’s legal obligation to provide alimony for the wife, the standard and criteria for determining the alimony of the wife, is the origin of jurisprudential disagreement; so that the renowned majority of the jurists consider the criterion to be absolutely the dignity of the likes of the "wife" in her place of residence. The second view considers the criterion for determining alimony as the dignity and status of the "couple" and the third view considers the criterion as the dignity and status of the "husband". The present research, while analyzing and re-reappraising the principles of the existing sayings and also using jurisprudential documents, has considered the issue in detail in the jurisprudential ruling and, considering the economic conditions of the couple, has considered a combined theory from the third point of view and the renowned majority of the jurists. In this way, assuming the homogeneity and social status of the couple's family or the husband being wealthy, the criterion for determining alimony is the dignity and social status of the woman, but assuming that the couple's social and economic status is not homogeneous - so that the wife's family is wealthy and the husband is poor and helpless - the criterion for determining the alimony of the wife is the economic situation of the husband. The result of this detailed theory has led to the proposal to amend article 1107 of the Civil Code, which, following the statement of the renowned majority of the jurists, made the dignity of the wife the criterion for determining alimony.