بررسي اثرات تنش خشكي و محلول‌پاشي با اسيدآبسيزيك بر عملكرد، ويژگي‌هاي فيزيولوژيكي و بيوشيميايي اسطوخودوس (Lavandula angustifolia cv. Organic Munstead)

Investigation of the effects of drought stress and abscisic acid foliar application on yield, physiological and biochemical properties of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia cv. Organic Munstead)

ﮔﯿﺎه داروﯾﯽ اﺳﻄﻮﺧﻮدوس ﺑﺎ دارا ﺑﻮدن ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﯿﻞ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي و زﯾﻨﺘﯽ و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد زﯾﺎد آن در ﺻﻨﺎﯾﻊ آراﯾﺸﯽ- ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﯽ و داروﯾﯽ، در ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ ﺟﻬﺎن ﮐﺸﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. ﺧﺸﮑﯽ از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﺪودﮐﻨﻨﺪه رﺷﺪ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن در ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳﺮ ﺟﻬﺎن و ﺷﺎﯾﻊ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﮐﻠﯽ، اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺧﺸﮑﯽ از آن ﺟﻬﺖ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺳـﺒﺐ اﺧـﺘﻼل در وﺿـﻌﯿﺖ آب و اﺛﺮﮔـﺬاري ﮐﻠﯿـﺪي ﺑـﺮ ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻓﯿﺰﯾﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ و ﺑﯿﻮﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﯿﺎه ﻣﯽ ﮔﺮدد. در ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﺗـﻨﺶ ﻫـﺎي ﻣﺤﯿﻄـﯽ، اﺳﯿﺪآﺑﺴـﯿﺰﯾﮏ ) ABA( ﻧﻘـﺶ ﻣﻬﻤـﯽ در راه اﻧﺪازي و ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﺑﺴﯿﺎري از ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻓﯿﺰﯾﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ و ﺑﯿﻮﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ در ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻨﺶ اﮐﺴﯿﺪاﺗﯿﻮ دارد. ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﮐﻪ ﺧﺸﮑﯽ و ﮐﻢ آﺑﯽ در اﯾﺮان ﻫﻤﻮاره از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ و ﻣﺸﮑﻼت ﮐﺸﺎورزي اﺳﺖ و از ﻃﺮﻓﯽ ﺑﻪ دﻟﯿﻞ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت داروﯾﯽ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓـﺮد ﮔﯿﺎه اﺳﻄﻮﺧﻮدوس ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد، وﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎي ﻓﯿﺰﯾﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ و ﺑﯿﻮﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﯿﺎه داروﯾﯽ اﺳﻄﻮﺧﻮدوس )Lavandula angustifolia cv. Organic Munstead( در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ رژﯾﻢ ﻫﺎي آﺑﯿﺎري و ﮐـﺎرﺑﺮد اﺳﯿﺪآﺑﺴـﯿﺰﯾﮏ ﺑـﺎ ﻫـﺪف درك ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﯽ اﻟﻘﺎي ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺸﮑﯽ اﺟﺮا ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ: ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﺛﺮ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺧﺸﮑﯽ و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد اﺳﯿﺪآﺑﺴﯿﺰﯾﮏ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ وﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎي ﻓﯿﺰﯾﻮﻟﻮژﯾﮑﯽ و ﺑﯿﻮﺷﯿﻤﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﯿﺎه داروﯾﯽ اﺳﻄﻮﺧﻮدوس آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ ﮔﻠﺪاﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﯾﻞ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح ﺑﻠﻮك ﻫﺎي ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ ﺑـﺎ ﺳـﻪ ﺗﮑـﺮار در داﻧﺸـﮑﺪه ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﮔﺮﮔﺎن در ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي زراﻋﯽ 1396-97 ﺑﻪ اﺟـﺮ ا درآﻣـﺪ . ﻓـﺎﮐﺘﻮر اول آزﻣـﺎﯾﺶ رژﯾــﻢ آﺑﯿــﺎري در ﭼﻬــﺎر ﺳــﻄﺢ )90-100، 70-80، 50-60 و 30-40 درﺻــﺪ ﻇﺮﻓﯿــﺖ زراﻋــﯽ( و ﻓــﺎﮐﺘﻮر دوم ﻣﺤﻠــﻮل ﭘﺎﺷــﯽ اﺳﯿﺪآﺑﺴﯿﺰﯾﮏ در ﺳﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ )ﺻﻔﺮ، 15 و 30 ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﻣﻮﻻر در ﻟﯿﺘﺮ( ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﻮرد ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﻋﺒﺎرت از وزن ﺗﺎزه و ﺧﺸﮏ ﮔﯿـﺎه، ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮگ، ﭘﺮوﻟﯿﻦ، ﻓﻨﻞ ﮐﻞ، ﻓﻼوﻧﻮﺋﯿﺪ ﮐﻞ، ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ آﻧﺘﯽ اﮐﺴﯿﺪاﻧﯽ DPPH، ﮐﺎرﺗﻨﻮﺋﯿﺪ، ﻗﻨﺪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻠﻮل و ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﻧﺴـﺒﯽ آب ﺑﺮگ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺸﮑﯽ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ دار ﻓﻨﻞ )151/42 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﮔﺮم وزن ﺧﺸﮏ( و ﮐﺎرﺗﻨﻮﺋﯿﺪ )46/32 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﮔﺮم ﺑﺮ ﮔﺮم وزن ﺧﺸﮏ( در ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ اﺳﯿﺪآﺑﺴﯿﺰﯾﮏ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣـﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳـﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﻓﻨﻞ و ﮐﺎرﺗﻨﻮﺋﯿﺪ اﺛﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ دار )ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ داري ﯾﮏ درﺻﺪ( داﺷﺖ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ، اﺛﺮ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺧﺸﮑﯽ و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد اﺳﯿﺪآﺑﺴﯿﺰﯾﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻨﻞ و ﮐﺎرﺗﻨﻮﺋﯿﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ دار ﺑﻮد ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﮐﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﭘﺎﺷﯽ 30 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﮔـﺮم در ﻟﯿﺘـﺮ اﺳﯿﺪآﺑﺴـﯿﺰﯾﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿـﺐ در ﺷـﺮاﯾﻂ ﺧﺸـﮑﯽ 30-40 و 50-60 درﺻـﺪ ﻇﺮﻓﯿـﺖ زراﻋـﯽ ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ اﻓـﺰاﯾﺶ 47/56 و 53/93 درﺻـﺪي ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿـﺖ آﻧﺘﯽ اﮐﺴﯿﺪان ﻫﺎ و 55/20 و 65/72 درﺻﺪي ﻗﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ. ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﭘﺎﺷـﯽ 15 ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﻣـﻮﻻر اﺳﯿﺪآﺑﺴـﯿﺰﯾﮏ در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ 30-40 درﺻﺪ ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ زراﻋﯽ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ 120/17 درﺻﺪي ﭘﺮوﻟﯿﻦ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ، ﺑﯿﺶ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰان ﻣﺤﺘـﻮاي ﻧﺴـﺒﯽ آب ﺑﺮگ )78/74 درﺻﺪ( از ﺑﺮﻫﻢ ﮐﻨﺶ 30 ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﻣﻮﻻر اﺳﯿﺪآﺑﺴﯿﺰﯾﮏ در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ 90-100 درﺻﺪ ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ زراﻋﯽ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮرﮐﻠﯽ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اﯾﻦ آزﻣﺎﯾﺶ، ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد 30 ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﻣﻮﻻر در ﻟﯿﺘﺮ اﺳﯿﺪآﺑﺴﯿﺰﯾﮏ را در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺧﺸﮑﯽ ﺑﺎ 30-40 و 50-60 درﺻﺪ ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ زراﻋﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ، زﯾﺮا ﺑﺎ ﻣﺼﺮف ﮐﻢ ﺗﺮ آب و ﮐـﺎرﺑﺮد اﺳﯿﺪآﺑﺴـﯿﺰﯾﮏ در ﺷـﺮاﯾﻂ ﺗـﻨﺶ، ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮي از اﺛﺮﺑﺨﺸﯽ اﺳﯿﺪآﺑﺴﯿﺰﯾﮏ در اﻟﻘﺎي ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺸﮑﯽ دﺳﺖ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ.

Lavender is widely cultivated worldwide with its economic and ornamental potential and its high use in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Drought is one of the most important factors limiting plant growth worldwide and the most common environmental stress. In general, drought is considered to be the major environmental factor causing disturbance in water status and having a key impact on physiological and biochemical processes such as increased plant osmolality. In response to environmental stresses, abscisic acid plays an important role in initiating and coordinating many physiological and biochemical processes in reducing oxidative stress. Due to the fact that drought and water deficit in Iran is always one of the most important agricultural problems and due to the unique medicinal properties of lavender, the present study was conducted to evaluate the yield, physiological and biochemical properties of Lavandula angustifolia cv. Organic Munstead in irrigation regimes and application of abscisic acid was performed in order to understand how to induce drought tolerance. Materials and methods: In order to study the effects of drought and abscisic acid on physiological and biochemical characteristics of Lavandula angustifolia cv. Organic Munstead, a pot experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Plant Production faculty of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, during growing season of 2017-18. The first factor was irrigation regimes in four levels (30-40, 50-60, 70-80 and 90-100% field capacity) and the second factor was abscisic acid spry including three levels (0, 15 and 30 µM/L). Traits evaluated were wet and dry weight and leaf area index, total phenol, total flavonoid, DPPH antioxidant activity, proline, carotenoid, RWC and soluble carbohydrate. Results: The results showed that drought increase phenol (151.42 mg/g) and carotenoid (46.32 mg/g) compared to control. Abscisic acid had significant effect on all traits except of phenol and carotenoid. Also interaction effect of drought and abscisic acid was significant for all traits except of phenol and carotenoid content that were the highest in abscisic acid 30 µM/L and drought 30-40 and 50-60 percent field capacity increase antioxidant activity 47.56 and 53.93 percent and 55.20 and 65.72 percent soluble carbohydrate, respectively. abscisic acid 30 µM/L spray and drought 30-40 increase proline 120.17 percent. Also, the highest RWC amount (78.74 percent) from interaction abscisic acid 30 µM/L and drought 90-100 percent field capacity. Conclusion: Generally, abscisic acid 30 µM/L application and drought 30-40 and 50-60% field capacity Introduces the best treatment, due to the lower consumption of water and the use of abscisic acid in stress conditions, higher levels of abscisic acid can be achieved in inducing drought tolerance.