نگاهي نو بر روايات تاريخگذاري روايات حضرت محمد (صلي الله عليه و آله) به مكي و مدني

A novel approach to the traditions; dating the Prophetic hadiths as Meccan and Medinan

مفسران از ديرباز تلاشهايي جدي در تقسيم آيات به مكي و مدني داشته اند. اين نگاه به قرآن، قابل تطبيق بر احاديث حضرت محمد9 نيز هست. نگرشي جديد بر احاديث كه با وجود مزاياي فراوان مغفول مانده است. فوايدي چون شناخت ناسخ و منسوخ روايات، شناخت تاريخ تشريع و دستيابي به حكمتهاي آن، آشنايي با شيوۀ دعوت و مراحل آن، شناخت دقيق سيرۀ پيامبر اكرم9 و فهم بهتر قرآن از آن جمله اند. بررسي تاريخ مكه و مدينه در عصر نبوي نشان ميدهد كه احاديث مكي نسبت به مدني قلتِ كمّي دارد. استفاده از ابزاري چون وجود قيد زماني در حديث، توجه به راويان اول و مخاطبان، و مضامين روايات ميتوان غالب احاديث حضرت محمد9 را به لحاظ زماني تقسيم نمود. آنچه در اين پژوهش مطرح است تعريف مكي و مدني در روايت، مزايا و ويژگيهاي اين تقسيم، علل كم بودن روايات مكي و بيان برخي از مهمترين شاخصه هاي روايات مكي و مدني با ذكر مصاديق است.

For long the exegetes have made serious attempts to divide the Qur’anic verses into Makkī (Meccan) and Madanī (Medinan). This approach to the Qur’an can be applied to the Prophetic hadiths, as well. It may be followed by such advantages as recognition of the abrogating and the abrogated (al-nāsikh wa al-mansukh) among the traditions, understanding the date of legislation, and achievement of the wisdom behind it, familiarity with the method of the (Islamic) call and its phases, the exact recognition of the Prophets’ life story and conduct (sīrah) as well as a better understanding of the Qur’an. A historical survey on Mecca and Medina during the Prophetic Age indicates that the Makkī hadiths compared with the Madanī ones are fewer in number. Taking advantage of such tools as existence of a temporal condition in the hadith, attention to the first narrators and the addressees, as well as the content of the traditions, one can classify most of the Prophetic hadiths temporally. What is propounded in this study includes: a definition of the terms Makkī and Madanī in traditions, advantages and characteristics of this classification, the reason for fewness of Makkī traditions and finally, an explanation of the most important criteria for Makkī and Madanī traditions along with mentioning their instances.