ژنگان‌هاي ناقص ويروسي: عوامل پيش برنده كليدي در برهمكنش بين ويروس و ميزبان

Defective viral genomes are key drivers of the virus-host interaction

وﻳﺮوس ﻫﺎ اﻏﻠﺐ در ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺸﻦ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن زﻧﺪه ﻣﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ اﻣﺎ، ﺑﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ژﻧﮕﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺤﺪود وﻳﺮوس ﻫﺎ، اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻣﺎ درﺑﺎره ﺗﺪاﺑﻴﺮي ﻛﻪ آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري و ﺑﻘﺎ اﺗﺨﺎذ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ، ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰاﺳﺖ. ﻣﺎ اﻛﻨﻮن در آﻏﺎز راه ﺑﺮاي درك ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺣﻴﺮت اﻧﮕﻴﺰ ژﻧﮕﺎﻧﻬﺎي وﻳﺮوﺳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ و اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ وارﻳﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺎي وﻳﺮوﺳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻛﺎرآﻣﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﻛﺎرآﻣﺪ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ، ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ روش ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري، ﻓﺮار از ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ و ﺗﺪاوم وﻳﺮوس ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ، داﻧﺶ ﻛﻨﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﺎ را در ﻣﻮرد اﻧﻮاع ژﻧﮕﺎﻧ ﻬﺎي ﻧﺎﻗﺺ وﻳﺮوﺳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻃﻲ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ وﻳﺮوس ﻫﺎي RNA دار اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮدﻫﺎي آن ﻫﺎ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ. ﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ وﺗﻨﻮع ژﻧﮕﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻗﺺ وﻳﺮوﺳﻲ در ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ و درﺑﺎره ﻧﻘﺶ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺪه آن ﻫﺎ در ﺣﻔﻆ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ وﻳﺮوﺳﻲ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎر ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن، اﺛﺮ آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﺟﺎﻧﻮران و اﻧﺴﺎن و ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اﺑﺰارﻫﺎي ﭘﺎد وﻳﺮوﺳﻲ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ.

Viruses survive often harsh host environments, yet we know little about the strategies they utilize to adapt and subsist given their limited genomic resources. We are beginning to appreciate the surprising versatility of viral genomes and how replicationcompetent and -defective virus variants can provide means for adaptation, immune escape and virus perpetuation. This Review summarizes current knowledge of the types of defective viral genomes generated during the replication of RNA viruses and the functions that they carry out. We highlight the universality and diversity of defective viral genomes during infections and discuss their predicted role in maintaining a fit virus population, their impact on human and animal health, and their potential to be harnessed as antiviral tools.