توليد مثل و ناباروري در مردان: رابطۀ بين فقر و ميزان كل باروري

Reproduction and infertility in men: A relationship between poverty and total fertility rate

ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﭘﺪﻳﺪهاي زﻳﺴﺘﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻃﻲ آن ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد زﻧﺪه از واﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻳﺎ ﻳﻚ واﻟﺪ ﺑﻪ روش ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد آﻣﺪه و ﺑﺮاي ﺑﻘﺎء ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﺎﻧﺪار ﺿﺮوري اﺳﺖ. در ﺣﺎل ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﻫﺮ زن در دوره ﻓﻌﺎل ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي 15 ﺗﺎ 49 زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ، از ﺧﻮد 2/5 ﻓﺮزﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺬارد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺑﺎروري ﻛﻞ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎل، ﻣﻴﺰان ﺑﺎروري ﻛﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي 1950-55 ﻧﺼﻒ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﻣﺮوري ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎزوﻛﺎرﻫﺎي ﻫﻮرﻣﻮﻧﻲ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ و ﺑﻠﻮغ اﺳﭙﺮم در ﻣﺮدان داﺷﺘﻪ و ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﺎﺑﺎروري زوج ﻫﺎ و ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﺮدان در ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺑﺎروري ﻛﻞ ﻣﻲ ﭘﺮدازد. ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن داده اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺑﺎروري ﻛﻞ در ﺟﻬﺎن ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻣﺮداﻧﻲ راﺑﻄﻪ دارد ﻛﻪ وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﻨﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ زﻳﺮ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ ﻗﺮار داﺷﺘﻪ و ﻧﺎﺑﺎرور ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ، ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪاي ﺑﺮ روي ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺑﺎروري ﻛﻞ، ﻓﻘﺮ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ و ﻓﻘﺮ ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺑﺎروري ﻛﻞ، در ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي اﺧﻴﺮ، در ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻘﺮ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ و ﻓﻘﺮ ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن داده اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻣﺮدان ﻧﺎﺑﺎرور اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻣﺜﻞ، اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ ﻓﻘﺮ ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻳﻜﻲ از دﻻﻳﻞ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺑﺎروري ﻛﻞ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎزوﻛﺎرﻫﺎي ﻫﻮرﻣﻮﻧﻲ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ، رﺷﺪ و ﺑﻠﻮغ اﺳﭙﺮم در ﻣﺮدان ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.

Reproduction is the biological process by which a new individual organism is produced from their parents (sexual method) or parent (asexual method), and is essential for the survival of species. Nowadays, global trends in total fertility rate (TFR) show 2-fold decrease compared to 1950-1955. The average number of children per woman over her reproductive life subject for ages 15-49 was estimated to be 4.96 in 1950-1955 and 2.52 in 2010-2015. The present paper reviews hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis and sperm maturation in men, and investigates the roles of men in global rate of couple infertility. This study shows that decrease in TFR is associated with an increase in number of men that produce semen under the World Health Organization reference values, and considered as infertile men. Comprehensive analyses of world map on TFR, poverty (percentage of population living on less than $1.25 per day), and hunger (percentage of population suffering from hunger) show that TFR has highly decreased in populations inhabiting the area under poverty and hunger; associated with an increase in number of infertile men. Considering a cross-talk between reproduction and metabolism, the present study suggests that suffering from hunger is a key determinant to decrease TFR due to disruption of hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis and sperm maturation in men.