ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﺎﮐﺮوﺳﮑﻮﭘﯽ و ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺳﮑﻮﭘﯽ اﺛﺮات ﺿﺪﻗﺎرﭼﯽ آﻟﮑﺎﻟﻮﺋﯿﺪ، ﻓﻨﻞ و اﺳﺎﻧﺲ ﺷﺎﺗﺮه اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ Fumaria vaillantii ﺑﺮ آﺳﭙﺮژﯾﻠﻮس ﻓﻼوس Aspergillus flavus و آﺳﭙﺮژﯾﻠﻮس ﻧﯿﮕﺮA. niger

Macroscopic and microscopic study of antifungal effects of alkaloids, phenol and essential oil of Fumaria vaillantii on Aspergillus flavus and A. niger

ﺷﺎﺗﺮه اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ )Fumaria vaillantii( از ﺗﯿﺮه ﻓﻮﻣﺎرﯾﺎﺳﻪ )Fumariceae( ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﺳﺮﺷﺎر ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﺛﺎﻧﻮي ﺑﺎ اﺛﺮات داروﯾﯽ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺳﺖ. آﻟﮑﺎﻟﻮﺋﯿﺪ، ﻓﻨﻞ و اﺳﺎﻧﺲ ﺷﺎﺗﺮه ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﺿﺪ ﻗﺎرﭼﯽ، اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﻋﺼﺎره ﺧﺎم اﺗﺎﻧﻮﻟﯽ از ﺷﺎﺧﺴﺎره در زﻣﺎن ﮔﻠﺪﻫﯽ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ. از ﻋﺼﺎره ﺧﺎم ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﻓﺮاﮐﺸﻦ ﻫﺎي آﻟﮑﺎﻟﻮﺋﯿﺪي و ﻓﻨﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ. آﻟﮑﺎﻟﻮﺋﯿﺪ در ﭼﻬﺎر ﻓﺮاﮐﺸﻦ ﺟﺪا ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. اﺳﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﮐﻠﻮﻧﺠﺮ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﺷﺪ. آﺳﭙﺮژﯾﻠﻮس ﻓﻼوس )Aspergillus flavus( و آﺳﭙﺮژﯾﻠﻮس ﻧﯿﮕﺮ )A. niger( از اﻧﺴﺘﯿﺘﻮﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮر اﯾﺮان ﺗﻬﯿﻪ ﺷﺪ. ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي آﺳﭙﺮژﯾﻠﻮس )ﻗﻄﺮ دﯾﺴﮏ 5 ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﻣﺘﺮ( در ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺘﻮي ﭘﻮﺗﯿﺘﯿﻮ دﮐﺴﺘﺮوز آﮔﺎر و ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﺼﺎره ﻫﺎي ﻓﻨﻠﯽ، آﻟﮑﺎﻟﻮﺋﯿﺪي و اﺳﺎﻧﺲ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. رﯾﺴﻪ ﻫﺎي آﺳﭙﺮژﯾﻠﻮس ﻫﺎ در ﮐﺸﺖ ﮐﻨﺘﺮل )ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺻﻔﺮ( و ﮐﺸﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺗﯿﻤﺎر ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ ﻋﺼﺎره ﻫﺎي ﻓﻨﻠﯽ، آﻟﮑﺎﻟﻮﺋﯿﺪي و اﺳﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺳﮑﻮپ ﻧﻮري و ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺳﮑﻮپ اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯽ ﻧﮕﺎره )SEM( ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ. اﺛﺮ ﺿﺪ آﺳﭙﺮژﯾﻠﻮﺳﯽ ﻋﺼﺎره ﻓﻨﻠﯽ، آﻟﮑﺎﻟﻮﺋﯿﺪ و اﺳﺎﻧﺲ ﺷﺎﺗﺮه اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ روي ﻓﻼوس و ﻧﯿﮕﺮ ﺷﺪﯾﺪ ﺑﻮد. ﻫﺮ دو ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻪ ﻋﺼﺎره، ﻣﻬﺎر ﮐﻨﻨﺪه رﺷﺪ ﻗﺎرچ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻣﯿﮑﺮوﺳﮑﻮپ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ و ﻧﮕﺎره اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﻋﺼﺎره ﻫﺎي ﺷﺎﺗﺮه اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ روي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﺳﻠﻮﻟﯽ رﯾﺴﻪ ﻗﺎرچ اﺛﺮ ﮐﺮده و ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻧﺎزك ﺷﺪن و ﺷﮑﺴﺘﻦ دﯾﻮاره ﻫﺎ، ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻮﻟﯿﺰ و وزﯾﮑﻮﻟﻪ ﺷﺪن ﺳﻠﻮل ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از رﯾﺴﻪ ﻫﺎ، ﻣﺎﻧﻊ رﺷﺪ و اﻟﻘﺎي ﻣﺮگ ﻗﺎرچ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﻋﺼﺎره ﻫﺎي ﻓﻨﻠﯽ، آﻟﮑﺎﻟﻮﺋﯿﺪي و اﺳﺎﻧﺲ ﮔﯿﺎه ﺷﺎﺗﺮه اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﺿﺪ ﻗﺎرﭼﯽ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻫﺮ دو ﮔﻮﻧﻪ آﺳﭙﺮژﯾﻠﻮس داﺷﺘﻨﺪ. ﺷﺎﺗﺮه اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﺳﺮﺷﺎر از ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﺎت ﻓﻨﻠﯽ، آﻟﮑﺎﻟﻮﺋﯿﺪ و اﺳﺎﻧﺲ ﺑﺎ اﺛﺮات ﺿﺪ ﻗﺎرﭼﯽ اﺳﺖ.

Fumaria vaillantii belongs to the Fumariaceae family, is a plant rich in secondary compounds with medicinal effects. Alkaloids, phenols and essential oil were extracted to measure antifungal activity. Crude extract with ethanol was obtained from plant shoots. Crude extract was used to separate the alkaloid and phenol fractions. Alkaloids were extracted in four fractions. The essential oil was extracted with a Clevenger apparatus. Aspergillus flavus and A. niger were prepared from Pasture Institute in Iran. Aspergillus specimens (disc diameter 5 mm) were cultured in the potato dextrose agar media with different amounts of phenolic, alkaloid and essential oil extracts. Aspergillus hyphae were studied under control and after treatment with phenolic, alkaloid and essential oil extracts by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The anti- Aspergillus effects of the phenolic, alkaloid and essential oil extracts of F. vaillantii against A. flavus, and A. niger were severe. Two concentrations of all three extracts inhibited fungal growth. The results of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed that the F. vaillantii extracts affected on the fungus cell structure. They cause thinning and breaking of walls, plasmolysis and vesiculation of cells of some filaments, inhibiting the growth and induction of fungal death. F. vaillantii had similar antifungal activity on both species of . F. vaillantii, is a plant rich in phenolic compounds, alkaloids and essential oils with antifungal effects.