ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﺮوري ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎ و ﻓﻮاﯾﺪ ﻣﺪل ﭘﺮﺳﭙﺘﻮرﺷﯿﭗ در آﻣﻮزش ﺑﺎﻟﯿﻨﯽ ﭘﺮﺳﺘﺎري: ﯾﮏ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﺮوري

Evaluation of Challenges and Benefits of Preceptorship Model in Nursing Clinical Education: A Review Study

ﻣﺪل آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ ﭘﺮﺳﭙﺘﻮرﺷﯿﭗ ﯾﮏ روش ﯾﺎددﻫﯽ و ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﺰاﯾﺎ و ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎي ﺑﻪﮐﺎرﮔﯿﺮي اﯾﻦ ﻣﺪل ﻣﯽ¬ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ آﻣﻮزش و ﺗﺮﺑﯿﺖ ﭘﺮﺳﺘﺎران ﮐﺎرآﻣﺪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﻧﻤﻮد. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﻣﺮوري ﺑﺮ ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎ و ﻓﻮاﯾﺪ ﻣﺪل ﭘﺮﺳﭙﺘﻮرﺷﯿﭗ در آﻣﻮزش ﺑﺎﻟﯿﻨﯽ ﭘﺮﺳﺘﺎري اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. روش ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ: اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت ﻣﺮور رواﯾﺘﯽ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت، در ﭘﺎﯾﮕﺎهﻫﺎي اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ ﻓﺎرﺳﯽزﺑﺎن Magiran, Scholar Google,SID Barakat Knowledge Network System, ﺑﺎ ﮐﻠﯿﺪواژهﻫﺎي »ﭘﺮﺳﭙﺘﻮرﺷﯿﭗ«، »آﻣﻮزش ﭘﺮﺳﺘﺎري«، »ﭼﺎﻟﺶ«، »ﭘﺮﺳﭙﺘﻮر«، »داﻧﺸﺠﻮي ﭘﺮﺳﺘﺎري« و ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﮐﻠﯿﺪواژهﻫﺎي nursing education, challenge, preceptors, nursing student preceptorship در ﭘﺎﯾﮕﺎه دادهﻫﺎي science direct ،Scopus ،Google scholar،web of science ،PubMed ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ ﺷﺪ. ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎي ورود ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﭼﺎپﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ ﯾﺎ ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ ﺑﺪون ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺖ زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺎﯾﺎن ﺳﺎل 1398 ﮐﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻫﺪف ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ و داراي ﻣﺘﻦ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ در دﺳﺘﺮس ﺑﻮد. ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﻣﺮوري ﻧﯿﺰ از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺧﺎرج ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. درﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ از ﺑﯿﻦ 160 ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ 10 ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب و ﻣﻮردﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ: ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﺪل ﭘﺮﺳﭙﺘﻮرﺷﯿﭗ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮﺳﭙﺘﻮرﻫﺎ )ﺣﺠﻢ ﮐﺎري زﯾﺎد، زﻣﺎن ﻧﺎﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺑﺮاي آﻣﻮزش( و ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮﺳﭙﺘﯽ)ﻋﺪم ﻋﻼﻗﻪ داﻧﺸﺠﻮﯾﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ، ﺑﯽﻋﻼﻗﻪ و ﺑﯽاﻧﮕﯿﺰه ﺑﻮدن داﻧﺸﺠﻮﯾﺎن( و ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻮ آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ)ﭘﺸﺘﯿﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﺎﮐﺎﻓﯽ از ﺳﻮي ﻣﺪﯾﺮان داﻧﺸﮑﺪه، ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺿﻌﯿﻒ ﺗﺌﻮري و ﺑﺎﻟﯿﻦ( ﻫﺴﺖ. ﻓﻮاﯾﺪ ﻣﺪل ﭘﺮﺳﭙﺘﻮرﺷﯿﭗ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻮاﯾﺪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ داﻧﺸﺠﻮ )ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻄﺎي ﺑﺎﻟﯿﻨﯽ، ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻬﺎرتﻫﺎي ﭘﺮﺳﺘﺎري( و ﻓﻮاﯾﺪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ آﻣﻮزش )ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦ ﭘﯿﺮوي از ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎ و روﯾﻪﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن، ﻫﺪﻓﻤﻨﺪ ﺷﺪن ﮐﺎرورزي( ﺑﻮد. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮي: اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﺮوري ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻋﻠﯿﺮﻏﻢ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ راه اﺟﺮاﯾﯽ ﻧﻤﻮدن ﻣﺪل ﭘﺮﺳﭙﺘﻮرﺷﯿﭗ، ﻓﻮاﯾﺪي ﺑﺴﯿﺎري ﻧﯿﺰ وﺟﻮد دارد. ﻟﺬا ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﻦ آﻣﻮزش ﭘﺮﺳﺘﺎري و ﻣﺮﺑﯿﺎن ﺑﺎﻟﯿﻨﯽ ﭘﺲ از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﯽ¬ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ و ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در اﺟﺮاﯾﯽ ﻧﻤﻮدن ﻣﺪل را ﺑﺮﻃﺮف ﻧﻤﻮده و ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ارﺗﻘﺎء ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ آﻣﻮزش ﺑﺎﻟﯿﻨﯽ داﻧﺸﺠﻮﯾﺎن ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ.

The preceptorship model is a training and learning approach, evaluation of benefits of challenges of which can contribute to the improvement of education quality and training of efficient nurses. The present study aimed to review the challenges and benefits of the preceptorship model in nursing clinical education. Materials & Methods: This study was conducted as a narrative review. To select articles, Farsi databases such as Magiran, Google Scholar, SID, and Barakat Knowledge Network System using keywords of “preceptorship”, “nursing education”, “challenge”, “preceptor”, and “nursing student” were searched. In addition, databases of Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed and Web of Science were investigated applying keywords of preceptorship, nursing education, nursing student, challenge and preceptors. Inclusion criteria were Farsi and English articles published up to 2020 with no time limits, access to full texts of the articles and relevance to the research objective. In the end, 10 out of 160 extracted articles were considered appropriate and entered into the study. Results: In this study, the challenges of the preceptorship model were related to preceptors (high workload and insufficient time for education), preceptees (students’ lack of desire for direct care and lack of motivation) and the education atmosphere (insufficient support by school managers and poor correlation between theory and clinic). On the other hand, the benefits of the preceptorship model were related to students (reduced clinical errors and development of nursing skills) and education (ensuring compliance with the policies and procedures of the organization and targeted internships) Conclusion: According to the results of the study, despite the numerous barriers to the implementation of the preceptorship model, it has many benefits. Therefore, our findings could help clinical instructors and nursing education authorities eliminate the challenges of the implementation of the model, which increases the quality of students’ clinical education