ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﺛﺮات ﺗﺎﻻب اﻧﺰﻟﯽ در ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي روﺳﺘﺎﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﺷﯿﻪ ﺗﺎﻻب اﻧﺰﻟﯽ

Analysis of the Effects of Anzali Wetland on the Economic Stability of Villages around Anzali Wetland

ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ: ﺗﺎﻻبﻫﺎ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً در ﻣﺠﺎورت ﺳﮑﻮﻧﺘﮕﺎهﻫﺎ ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ و ﺑﯿﻦ ﺗﺎﻻبﻫﺎ و ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري ﺳﮑﻮﻧﺘﮕﺎهﻫﺎي روﺳﺘﺎﯾﯽ ﺣﺎﺷﯿﻪ راﺑﻄﻪ دوﺳـﻮياي وﺟـﻮد دارد. ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎن اﻧﺪازه ﮐﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ روﺳﺘﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري ﺗﺎﻻبﻫﺎ واﺑﺴﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺗﺎﻻب اﻧﺰﻟﯽ از ﻣﺮاﮐﺰ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺟﺬب ﮔﺮدﺷﮕﺮ ﮔـﯿﻼن ﻣﺤﺴـﻮب ﻣﯽﺷﻮد و ﻣﻌﯿﺸﺖ ﺳﺎﮐﻨﺎن ﺣﺎﺷﯿﻪ ﺗﺎﻻب ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ ﮐﺸﺎورزي، ﺻﯿﺎدي و ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﻮاد اوﻟﯿﻪ ﺻﻨﺎﯾﻊ دﺳﺘﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺣﯿﺎت آن ﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ دارد. ﻫﺪف: ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي در ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ روﺳﺘﺎﯾﯽ ﺣﺎﺷﯿﻪ ﺗﺎﻻب ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس اﻟﮕﻮي ﺑﻮم روﺳﺘﺎ و ﻫـﺪف اﯾـﻦ ﭘـﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑـﻮده و ﻓﺮﺿـﯿﻪ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮﮔـﺬاري ﺑﺎزﺳﺎزي ﺗﺎﻻب اﻧﺰﻟﯽ در ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري روﺳﺘﺎﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﺷﻪاي آن و ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﺗﺤﻮﻻت ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﺗﺎﻻب ﺑﺮ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺑﻮﻣﯿﺎن ﺑﻪ روﺳﺘﺎ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳـﯽ ﻗـﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. روش ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ: ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻫﺪف ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي و ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي روش از ﻧﻮع ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ-ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷـﺪ و ﺷـﺎﺧﺺﻫـﺎﯾﯽ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺗﻌﯿـﯿﻦ ﻣﯿـﺰان ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري روﺳﺘﺎﻫﺎ ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و در ﭘﺎﯾﺎن، ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ دادهﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ و ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪاي ﺻﻮرت ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻗﻠﻤﺮو ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ: ﺣﻮزه آﺑﺮﯾﺰ ﺗﺎﻻب داراي ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﯽ ﺣﺪود 374 ﻫﺰار ﻫﮑﺘﺎر اﺳﺖ و ﺣﻮزه ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺗﯽ در اﯾـﻦ ﭘـﮋوﻫﺶ 15 روﺳـﺘﺎي )روﺳـﺘﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﻨﺪر اﻧﺰﻟﯽ و ﺻﻮﻣﻌﻪ ﺳﺮا( ﺣﺎﺷﯿﻪ ﺗﺎﻻب ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ: ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻣﯿﺪاﻧﯽ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه در ﻣﻮرد روﺳﺘﺎﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻋﻤﺪهاي از ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ ﻓﻌﺎل اﯾﻦ روﺳﺘﺎﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﺎﺛﺮ از زﻣـﯿﻦﻫـﺎي ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﻣﺸﻐﻮل ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اﻋﻈﻢ ﺑﺮﻧﺞ ﮐﺎري و ﮐﺸـﺎورزي و درﺧﺘـﺎن ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺜﻤـﺮ در ﻗﺴـﻤﺘﯽ از ﺟﻠﮕﻪ ﮔﯿﻼن ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و اﺷﺘﻐﺎلزاﯾﯽ را ﺑﺮاي ﮐﺸﺎوران ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ آورده اﺳﺖ و اوﻟﻮﯾﺖﻫﺎي اول ﮐﺸﺎورزان ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ، ﮐﺸـﺖ ﺑـﺮﻧﺞ ﺑـﻮده و ﻧﯿـﺰ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻠـﺖ وﺟﻮد آب ﻣﮑﻔﯽ ﺑﺮاي رﺷﺪ ﮔﯿﺎه ﻣﺬﮐﻮر از ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺑﯿﺖ وﯾﮋهاي ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﮐﺸﺖ و ﮐﺎر ﺑﺮﻧﺞ، ﺣﺎﺷﯿﻪ ﺗﺎﻻب ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎظ داﺷﺘﻦ ﻣﺤﯿﻄـﯽ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت از ﻟﺤﺎظ ﺑﺮﻧﺞﮐﺎري، داراي اﺛﺮات ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺮ داﻣﺪاري و داﻣﭙﺮوري ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﺖ دارا ﺑﻮدن زﻣﯿﻦﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﺻﻠﺨﯿﺰ ﺑﺮاي رﺷﺪ و ﺗﻨﻮع ﭘﺬﯾﺮي و اﻧﺒـﻮﻫﯽ در ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽﻫﺎ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﺮدﺷﮕﺮان ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ 10 ﺳـﺎل ﮔﺬﺷـﺘﻪ در 73/3 درﺻـﺪ از روﺳـﺘﺎﻫﺎ روﻧﺪ اﻓﺰاﯾﺸﯽ داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮي: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﺣﺪود 32 درﺻﺪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮارﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﯿﺸﺖ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺻﯿﺎدي و ﺣﺪود 16 درﺻﺪ ﻧﯿـﺰ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﮑﺎر ﻣﯽﭘﺮدازﻧﺪ. ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﺷﮑﺎرﭼﯿﺎن و ﺻﯿﺎدان ﻏﯿﺮرﺳﻤﯽ، ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه درآﻣﺪﻫﺎي ﺣﺪود 500 ﺧﺎﻧﻮار از ﺣﺎﺷﯿﻪ ﻧﺸﯿﻨﺎن ﺑﻌﻨﻮان آبﺑﻨـﺪاندار در ﺷﺶ ﻣﺎه از ﺳﺎل ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎ از ﺗﺎﻻب ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﮔﺮدد. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از واﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ اﺷﺘﻐﺎل ﺑﯿﺶ از 65 درﺻﺪ روﺳﺘﺎﯾﯿﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺗـﺎﻻب ﺑﯿـﺎﻧﮕﺮ اﻫﻤﯿـﺖ وﺟﻮد آن در زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻣﺮدم روﺳﺘﺎ ﻣﯽﺑﺎشد

Introduction: Wetlands are mainly adjacent to settlements and there is a two-way relationship between wetlands and the stability of marginal rural settlements. As much as the stability of rural communities depends on the sustainability of wetlands. Anzali Wetland is also one of the important tourist attractions of Gilan and the livelihood of the inhabitants of the wetland in terms of agriculture, fishing and supply of raw materials for handicrafts depends on its life. Objectives: The analysis of economic stability in rural communities on the edge of the wetland is based on the model of the village ecosystem and the purpose of this study. Methodology: The present study is applied in terms of purpose and based on a descriptive-analytical method. Indicators were developed to determine the degree of sustainability of the villages. Finally, the data were analyzed analytically and comparatively. Geographical Context: The catchment area of the wetland has an area of about 374 thousand hectares and the study area in this study is 15 villages on the edge of the wetland (Bandar Anzali and Soomehsara villages). Also, Anzali Wetland is one of the important centers of tourist attraction in Gilan. Result and Discussion: result show that the majority of the active population of these villages are engaged in agricultural activities affected by agricultural lands. Considering that most of the rice cultivation and agriculture and non-productive trees are located in a part of Gilan plain and have provided employment for farmers and the first priorities of farmers in the area is rice cultivation and also due to sufficient water for the plant to grow. It is especially popular. In addition to rice cultivation, the margins of the wetland, due to having a different environment in terms of rice cultivation, have positive effects on livestock and animal husbandry due to having fertile lands for growth and diversity and abundance in plant species. Also, the studies show that the number of tourists has increased compared to the last 10 years in 73.3% of villages. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that about 32% of households go fishing for hunting and about 16% hunt. In addition to poachers and informal fishermen, a portion of the income of about 500 marginalized households as seals is provided directly from the lagoon for six months of the year. The results obtained from the employment dependence of more than 65% of the villagers on the wetland indicate the importance of its existence in the field of economic sustainability of the villagers.