اﺣﺘﯿﺎط در دﻣﺎء : ﻣﺒﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ از ﺷﺮع و ﻋﻘﻞ

The precautionary Principle on the Lives: a Principle Taken from Sharia and Intellect

ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿّﺖ ﺑﺎﻻي ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﺣﯿﺎت و ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﺟﺴﻤﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻘﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻼً ﺑﺮ ﺿﺮورت اﺣﺘﯿﺎط در اﻗﺪاﻣﺎﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ آن آﺳﯿﺐ ﺑﺰﻧﺪ ﺣﮑﻢ ﻣﯽﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ و ﺳﯿﺮه ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻘﻼء ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ ﺣﮑﻢ ﺻﺤﻪ ﻧﻬﺎده اﺳﺖ. روح ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺷﺮﯾﻌﺖ اﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻫﻢﺳﻮ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻘﻞ ﺑﺮ رﻋﺎﯾﺖ اﺣﺘﯿﺎط در دﻣﺎء در واﮐﻨﺶ ﮐﯿﻔﺮي در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺰﻫﮑﺎران اﻫﺘﻤﺎم وﯾﮋه دارد. ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﺒﻨﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﺪه ﺗﺎ ﻓﻘﻬﺎ در اﺑﻮاب ﻓﻘﻪ ﺟﺰاﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ اﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﺒﻨﺎي اﺣﺘﯿﺎط روﯾﮑﺮدي ﺣﺪاﻗﻠﯽ در ﺗﺠﻮﯾﺰ اﺣﮑﺎم ﻋﻠﯿﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯿﺖ ﺟﺴﻤﺎﻧﯽ اﺗﺨﺎذ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪ. در ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎر ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺗﻼش ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ روﺷﯽ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه ﻣﺒﻨﺎي »اﺣﺘﯿﺎط در دﻣﺎء« در ﻓﻘﻪ اﻣﺎﻣﯿﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﯿﺮد. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن از آن دارد ﮐﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﺒﻨﺎ، ﻧﻪ ﻗﺎﻋﺪهاي ﻓﻘﻬﯽ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺠﺮد ﻧﺺ، و ﻧﻪ اﺻﻠﯽ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻈﻬﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺻﺮف ﺣﮑﻢ ﻋﻘﻞ اﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ رﯾﺸﻪي آن را ﺑﺎﯾﺪ در ﻣﺬاق ﺷﺮﯾﻌﺖ ﺟﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻘﻞ و ﻧﺺ ﻫﺮ دو ﺑﺮ درﺳﺘﯽِ آن دﻻﻟﺖ دارﻧﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﻣﺒﻨﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﺎزاتﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﯿﻪ ﻧﻔﺲ و ﻫﻢ ﻣﺎدون ﻧﻔﺲ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن دارد، و داراي دو ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد اﯾﺠﺎﺑﯽ و ﺳﻠﺒﯽ در ﻗﻠﻤﺮوي ﮐﯿﻔﺮي ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ.

The Issue of life and physical health is so important that the intellect independently dictates the necessity of caution in actions that may harm it, and the "continuous act of the wise" has confirmed it. Along with intellect, ‘the spirit of Islamic Sharia”, also pays special attention to caution in the issue of life-taking punishments of criminals. This has led Islamic jurists to take a minimalist approach in issuing fatwas against physical integrity by applying the precautionary basis in the chapters of criminal jurisprudence. The present article has tried to examine the position of the precautionary principle on lives in Imami jurisprudence with a descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the research show that the principle in question is not a jurisprudential rule based merely on narrative evidence, nor is it a "practical principle" based on the mere reason. Nevertheless, its root should be found in the "Spirit of Shari'a" that is agreed by both reason and narrative evidence. This principle applies to sentence to death as other corporal punishments, and has its functions in restricting or generalizing the jurisprudence sources in the criminal realm.