تحليل دو مسئله شناخت و مسئوليت در برابر خداوند و «ديگري»: مطالعه تطبيقي بين علامه طباطبايي و لويناس

Analysis of cognition and responsibility before God and the "other" : A comparative study between Allameh Tabatabai and Levinas’s perspectives

ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ دو ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ و ﻣﺴـﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ ﺧﺪاوﻧـﺪ و »دﯾﮕـﺮي « ﺑﺮاﺳـﺎس روﯾﮑﺮد ﻋﻼﻣﻪ ﻃﺒﺎﻃﺒﺎﯾﯽ و ﻟﻮﯾﻨﺎس اﺳﺖ. روش اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ، ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﻮاﺿﻊ وﻓﺎق و ﺧـﻼف اﯾـﻦ دو دﯾﺪﮔﺎه اﺳﺖ. از دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﻋﻼﻣﻪ ﻃﺒﺎﻃﺒﺎﯾﯽ، ﺣﻖ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﯽ ﮐﺮان و آدﻣﯽ ﮐﺮاﻧﻤﻨﺪ اﺳﺖ و ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﮐﻨﻪ ذات ﺣـﻖ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﯽ ﻣﯿﺴﺮ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ. ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ در ﻗﺒﺎل ﺣﻖ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺤﻮر ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﺎ در ﻗﺒـﺎل دﯾﮕـﺮان اﺳـﺖ و ﺳـﺮّ اﯾﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ رﯾﺸﻪ در ﻓﻘﺮ و واﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ ذاﺗﯽ اﻧﺴـﺎن دارد. اﯾـﻦ ﻣﺴـﺌﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﻫﺮﭼﻨـﺪ اﺧﺘﯿـﺎري ﻣـﯽ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ، اﻣـﺎ اﺧﺘﯿﺎري اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ آدﻣﯽ ﻣﺠﺒﻮر ﺑﻪ ﭘﺬﯾﺮش آن اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻘﻪ ﺧﺪاوﻧﺪ، ﻫـﯿﭻ ﮐـﺲ را ﯾـﺎراي ﻣﻮاﺧﺬه او ﻧﯿﺴﺖ. از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﻟﻮﯾﻨﺎس ﻧﯿﺰ ﮐﺸﻒ ﻫﻮﯾﺖ »دﯾﮕﺮي« ﺑﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﯽ اﻣﮑـﺎن ﭘـﺬﯾﺮ ﻧﯿﺴـﺖ. ﻗـﻮام ﺳﻮژه واﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ »دﯾﮕﺮي« اﺳﺖ و در ﻗﺒﺎل او ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺘﯽ ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻨﺎﻫﯽ دارد. ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﯿﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺳـﻮژه در ﭘـﺬﯾﺮش آن ﮐﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﻞ و ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﮔﺮوﮔﺎﻧﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺣﻖ ﻣﻮاﺧﺬه »دﯾﮕﺮي« را ﻧـﺪارد. ﻋﻠـﯽ رﻏـﻢ اﺧﺘﻼﻓـﺎﺗﯽ ﮐـﻪ ﻣﯿـﺎن ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت ﺧﺪا و »دﯾﮕﺮي« وﺟﻮد دارد، ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان ﺑﯿﻦ اﯾﻦ دو ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﻇﺮي ﺗﻨﮕﺎﺗﻨﮓ ﺑﺮﻗﺮار ﻧﻤﻮد و ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان ﮔﻔﺖ »دﯾﮕﺮي« در اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻪ ﻟﻮﯾﻨﺎس ﻫﻤﺎن ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎﻫﯽ را دارد ﮐﻪ ﺧﺪا در ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﯿﺰان - و ﺑﻄﻮر ﮐﻠﯽ در ادﯾﺎن ﺗﻮﺣﯿﺪي - اﯾﻔﺎ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ.

This research aimed to examine the three issues of cognition and responsibility before God and the "other" and their accountability, based on the Allameh Tabatabai and Levinas’s approaches. The method of this study is comparative and analysis of the positions of agreement between these views. Per Allameh Tabatabai, God is infinite and a man is finite; Therefore, it is not possible to know the nature of the Supreme Being. Responsibility before God is also at the heart of other responsibilities to the others, and the secret of this responsibility is rooted in the inherent poverty and dependence of man. Although this responsibility is optional, it is an option that one should accept. Given God's absolute ownership, no one can rebuke him. From Levinas' point of view, it is not possible to discover the identity of the "other" by knowing the concept. The consistency of the subject depends on the "other" and has an infinite responsibility to him. A responsibility that the subject is completely passive in accepting and like a hostage who has no right to blame the "other". Accordingly, despite the differences between the characteristics of God and the "other," a close correspondence can be established between the two.