واﮐﺎوي ﻋﯿﻨﯽﮔﺮاﯾﯽ در ﻫﺮﻣﻨﻮﺗﯿﮏ روشﮔﺮا ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﮐﯿﺪ ﺑﺮ دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﻫﯿﺮش

An Analysis of objectivism in methodological hermeneutics, emphasizing on Hirsch's view

ﻫﺮﻣﻨﻮﺗﯿﮏ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي »ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮﮐﺮدن« و »ﺗﺎوﯾﻞﮐﺮدن« اﺳﺖ و داﻧـﺶ آن در ﺗـﺎرﯾﺦ ﭘﺮﻓـﺮاز و ﻧﺸـﯿﺐ ﺧـﻮد ﺑـﺎ اﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت و ﺗﻌﺎرﺿﺎت ﻓﺮاواﻧﯽ ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﺑﻮده، آراء ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﭘـﺮدازان در ﭼﯿﺴـﺘﯽ ﻫﺮﻣﻨﻮﺗﯿـﮏ و ﮔﺴـﺘﺮه آن ﺗﻔـﺎوت زﯾﺎدي داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﯾﮑﯽ از ﭘﺮﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﻪﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ در ﻫﺮﻣﻨﻮﺗﯿﮏ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﯾﺠـﺎد ﯾـﮏ ﭼـﺮﺧﺶ ﺑﻨﯿـﺎدي در ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻫﺮﻣﻨﻮﺗﯿﮑﯽ ﺷﺪه دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﻫﺴﺘﯽ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻧﻪاي ﺑﻮد ﮐﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ »ﻓﻬﻢ« ﺑﻪوﺟـﻮد آﻣـﺪ . ﻗـﺎﺋﻼن ﺑـﻪ اﯾـﻦ دﯾﺪﮔﺎه- ﻫﺎﯾﺪﮔﺮ وﮔﺎداﻣﺮ- راه وﺻﻮل ﺑﻪ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺖ را، ﻫﻤﭽـﻮن دوره ﻫـﺎي ﻗﺒـﻞ از ﺧـﻮد، از ﻃﺮﯾـﻖ، اراﺋـﻪ روش ﻧﻤﯽ داﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻪ ذﻫﻨﯽﮔﺮاﯾﯽ در ﻓﻬﻢ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. ﭘﯿﺶ از آن، ﻫﺮﻣﻨﻮﺗﯿﺴﺘﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﻼﯾﺮﻣﺎﺧﺮ ودﯾﻠﺘـﺎي در ﭘﯽ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻦ روﺷﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻬﻢ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ و ﻓﻬﻢ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ را رﺳﯿﺪن ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻮﻟﻒ و ﻋﯿﻨﯽ ﻣﯽداﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ، ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ دﯾـﺪﮔﺎه ﻫﺴﺘﯽﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻬﻢ ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻫﺮﻣﻨﻮﺗﯿﮏ در ﻗﺮن ﺑﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ، اﻣـ ﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﻘـﺪاﻧﯽ را ﻧﯿـﺰ در ﭘـﯽ داﺷـﺖ . اﻣﯿﻠﯿﻮﺑﺘﯽ و ارﯾﮏ ﻫﯿﺮش ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﺎﻫﯽ اﻧﺘﻘﺎدي و روﺷﯽ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻬﻢ، از اﺻﻞ ﻋﯿﻨﯿﺖﮔﺮاﯾﯽ در ﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﺘﻮن دﻓـﺎع ﻣﯽﮐﺮدﻧﺪ. اﯾﻦ روﯾﮑﺮد روشﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ را، »ﻫﺮﻣﻨﻮﺗﯿﮏ روﺷـﮕﺮ ا« و روﯾﮑـﺮد ﻫﺴـﺘﯽ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﯽ ﺑـﻪ ﻫﺮﻣﻨﻮﺗﯿـﮏ را »ﻫﺮﻣﻨﻮﺗﯿﮏ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﯽ« ﻣﯽداﻧﻨﺪ. ﭘﺮﺳﺶ اﺻﻠﯽ اﯾـﻦ ﭘـﮋوﻫﺶ ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﻪ روش ﺗﻮﺻـﯿﻔﯽ - ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠـﯽ و ﻣﺒﺘﻨـﯽ ﺑـﺮ داده ﻫﺎي ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪاي اﺳﺖ، آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ اﺻﻞ ﻋﯿﻨﯽﮔﺮاﯾﯽ در ﻫﺮﻣﻨﻮﺗﯿﮏ روﺷﮕﺮا-ﺑـﻪ وﯾـ ﮋه ﻫﯿـﺮش - ﭼﮕﻮﻧـﻪ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد و داراي ﭼﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺼﻪﻫﺎ و ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ؟ و ﻫﺪف از آن رﻫﺎﯾﯽ از ﻧﺴﺒﯽﮔﺮاﯾﯽ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﯽ اﺳﺖ.

Hermeneutics has been defined as "interpreting". Hermeneutics has faced many differences and conflicts in its tumultuous history, and the views of theorists on the mission of hermeneutics and its realm have varied widely. One of the most controversial issues in hermeneutics, which has even led to a fundamental shift in hermeneutic issues, was the ontological view of understanding, as regarded by Heidegger and Gadamer. They did not know the truth, as in previous periods, through the presentation of methods can be achieved. Philosophical hermeneutics believed in subjectivism; Prior to the emergence of this view, hermeneutics such as Schleiermacher and Delta sought to find a way to understand and to understand the correctly in terms of author and objectivity will be possible. Although ontological approach to the understanding of discourse are considered by many of twenty century philosophers, It also has been faced the criticism. Emilio Betty Warrick Hirsch defended objectivism in understanding texts with a critical and methodological view of understanding. This methodological approach is called methodological hermeneutics and the ontological approach is called philosophical hermeneutics. In this article, we try to explain the objectivist methodological hermeneutics through a library method and, referring to Heidegger and Gadamer's views, address the most important critiques of Hirsch in the subjective approach of philosophical hermeneutics.