رويكرد فلسفي غزالي پيرامون ادراك و نظريه تأويل

Al-Ghazali's philosophical approach on perception and Theory of interpretation

اﺑﻮﺣﺎﻣﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻏﺰاﻟﯽ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻤﻨﺪان ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺄوﯾﻞ در ﻧﺼﻮص دﯾﻨﯽ را ﻣـﻮرد ﭘـﺬﯾﺮش ﻗـﺮار داده و در ﺗﻮﺟﯿــﻪ آن ﻧﻈﺮﯾــﻪ ﺗﺄوﯾــﻞ را ﻣﻄــﺮح ﻧﻤــﻮده اﺳــﺖ. او ﺑــﺮاي اﺛﺒــﺎت ﻧﻈﺮﯾــﻪ ﺧــﻮﯾﺶ ﺑــﻪ ﻣﻮﺿــﻮع ﻫﺴﺘﯽ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ ﻣﺮاﺗﺐ وﺟﻮد و در اداﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ ﻣﺮاﺗـﺐ ادراك و ﺗﻔـﺎوت ﻓﻬـﻢ در آدﻣـﯽ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺗﻔﮑﺮات ﻏﺰاﻟﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺒﻮر از ﻫﺴﺘﯽ و ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺣﯿﻄـﮥ زﺑـﺎن و ﻣﻌﻨـﺎ وارد ﺷـﺪه و ﮔﺴـﺘﺮة ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ در ادراك آدﻣﯽ را در ﻋﺼﺮ ﺧﻮد ﻏﻨﺎ ﺑﺨﺸﯿﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻏﺰاﻟﯽ در اﯾﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﭘﺪﯾﺪه ﻫﺎي ﻫﺴﺘﯽ را ﻣﺮﺑـﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ اي ﻣﺨﺼﻮص ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد داﻧﺴﺘﻪ و ﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ ﻧﺼﻮص دﯾﻨﯽ را ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ واﮐﺎوي ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه اﯾﻦ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ در ﻣﺮﺗﺒــﻪ اي از ﻫﺴــﺘﯽ ﻗــﺮار داده و ﺗــﻼش ﻧﻤــﻮده اﺳــﺖ ﺗــﺎ ﺗــﺄوﯾﻠﯽ روﺷــﻤﻨﺪ ﺑــﺎ روﯾﮑــﺮد ﻫﺴــﺘﯽ ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻧﻪ، ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻧﻪ، ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻧﻪ و زﺑﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻧﻪ در ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻘﻞ و دﯾـﻦ ﻓـﺮاﻫﻢ ﺳـﺎزد. در اﯾـﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟـﻪ روﯾﮑـﺮد ﻓﻠﺴﻔﯽ ﻏﺰاﻟﯽ در زﻣﯿﻨﮥ ادراك ﻣﻮرد ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ او از ﻗﻮاي ﻧﻔﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮان ﺧﺎﺳـﺘﮕﺎه ادراك در آدﻣﯽ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎرﮔﯿﺮي روﯾﮑﺮد ﻓﻠﺴﻔﯽ او در ﻧﺤﻮة ادراك ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﺟﯿﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﮥ ﺗﺄوﯾﻞ ﻧﺼﻮص دﯾﻨﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮان ادﻋﺎ ﮐـﺮد ﮐـﻪ ﻏﺰاﻟـﯽ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮان ﻣﺘﻔﮑـﺮي ﻋﻘـﻞ ﮔـﺮا از ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺴﻔﯽ ﺑﺮاي اﺛﺒﺎت ﻧﻈﺮﯾﮥ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻬﺮه ﺟﺴﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ.

Abu Hamid Muhammad Ghazali was among Muslim scholars who accepted the interpretation in the religious scriptures and justified his position by the theory of interpretation. To prove his theory, he dealt with ontology of hierarchy of beings and epistemology of hierarchy in episteme and differences of apprehension as well. Ghazali, by passing of existence and knowledge entered the language and meaning, expanding and enriching the human understanding in his age. By this theory, Ghazali held that every single entity has a position in its related hierarchy of being, and to understand the scripture must study their position in hierarchy of existence. Doing so, he tried to advance a methodological interpretation with a ontological, epistemological, semantics and linguistic approach, in which reason and faith can be a harmony. Ghazali’s philosophical approach to human apprehension has been studied in this paper and his analysis of soul and its faculties introduced. His use of philosophical approach to apprehension to justify the theory of has been explained, as well. Thus, one could say that Ghazali as a rationalist scholar employed philosophical investigations to set up his theory.