برون گرايي و درو نگرايي معرفتي در سنت اسلامي

epistemological Externalism and Internalism in the Islamic tradition

ﯾﮑﯽ از راه ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﺪاول ﺑﺮاي واﮐﺎوي دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﯽ اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻤﻨﺪان ﺳﻨﺖ اﺳﻼﻣﯽ، ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ آﺛـﺎر آﻧﻬـﺎ در ﻣﻘﺎم ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ و ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺬاري ﻣﺒﺎدي ﻋﻠﻮم اﺳﻼﻣﯽ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﻌﺎﺻـﺮ اﺳـﺖ . در اﯾـﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟـﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﯾـﻪ ﺣﺠﯿﺖ ذاﺗﯽ ﻗﻄﻊ و ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﺘﻔﺮع ﺑﺮ آن ﺑﺮاي روﺷﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ زﯾﺮﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﯽ اﺻـﻮﻟﯽ و اﺧﺒـﺎري ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان دو ﻧﺤﻠﻪ ي ﻓﮑﺮي ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺳﻨﺖ اﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﻌﺎﺻـﺮ ﺗﻄﺒﯿـﻖ داده ﺧﻮاﻫـﺪ ﺷـﺪ. ﺑـﻪ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﻣﯽ رﺳﺪ ﻫﻢ زﻣﺎن ﺑﺎ رﺷﺪ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ در اروﭘﺎ و ﻧﺰاع ﺑـﺮ ﺳـﺮ ﭼﮕـﻮﻧﮕﯽ ﭘﺎﺳـﺦ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺴـﺌﻠﻪ ﮔﺘﯿـﻪ، رﮔﻪ ﻫﺎي از اﻋﺘﻘﺎد ﺑﻪ درون ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ در اﺻﻮﻟﯽ ﻫﺎ و ﺑﺮون ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ در اﺧﺒﺎري ﻫﺎ ﺑﺪون ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﯿﻦ ﺳـﻨﺖ اﺳـﻼﻣﯽ و ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﻏﺮب در آن زﻣﺎن ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛ درون ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ و ﺑﺮون ﮔﺮاﯾـﯽ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘـﯽ در ﺳـ ﻨﺖ اﺳـﻼﻣﯽ رﻧـﮓ و ﺑﻮﯾﯽ ﮐﺎﻣﻼً دﯾﻦ ﻣﺪاراﻧﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ و ﺑﺮﺧﻼف ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﻏﺮب ﻫﺮ دو ﮔﺮوه ﺗﻨﻬﺎ درﺻﺪد ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ و دﺳﺖ ﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ اﺣﮑﺎم اﻟﻬﯽ ﺑﻮده اﻧﺪ؛ اﻋﻤﺎل ﻟﻮازم ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﯽ اﯾﻦ دو رﯾﮑﺮد در ﺳـﻨﺖ اﺳـﻼﻣﯽ ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ ﺗﻘﻮﯾـﺖ ﺳـﺎزوﮐﺎرﻫﺎي اﺳـﺘﻨﺒﺎط اﺣﮑﺎم اﻟﻬﯽ از ادﻟﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ. ﻣﺎ در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ درﺻﺪد اراﺋﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮي از ﻟﻮازم ﻫـﺮ ﮐـﺪام از دﯾـﺪﮔﺎه ﻫـﺎي ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﯽ و ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻊ آن ﺿﺮورت اﺻﻼح در ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﺻﻮﻟﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﯿﻢ. اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﻗﺒﻮل ﺗﻔﺎوت ﺑـﯿﻦ آﺛـﺎر ﺗﮑـﻮﯾﻨﯽ ﻗﻄـﻊ )ﻣﺤﺮﮐﯿــﺖ( ﺑــﺎ آﺛــﺎر ﺷـﺮﻋﯽ آن )ﺻــﺪق و ﺗﻮﺟﯿــﻪ( در اﺻــﻮﻟﯽ ﮔـﺮي و ﻟــﺰوم ﺗﻮﺳــﻌﻪ اﻋﺘﻤــ ﺎدﮔﺮاﯾﯽ در اﺧﺒﺎري ﮔﺮي از ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﯽ آﯾﺪ.

One of the common methods to analyze the epistemological perspectives in Islamic tradition is the epistemology of their works describing and placing the principles of Islamic sciences in the form of contemporary epistemology. In this article, the theory of intrinsic authority of the certainty and its requirements will be applied to contemporary epistemology to clarify the principal (Usuliun) and transitive (Akhbariun) epistemic structures as two main schools of thought in the Islamic tradition. With the rise of epistemological debates in Europe and the controversy over how to respond to Goethe’s problem, it seems that a trace of belief in introversion in principles and extroversion in the transitive cannot be seen without the connection between Islamic tradition and Western philosophy at that time; Epistemological introversion and extroversion in the Islamic tradition have a completely religious color and smell, and contrary to Western philosophy, both groups have only sought to know and achieve the divine commandments; Applying the epistemological tools of these two approaches in the Islamic tradition will strengthen the mechanisms for inferring divine commands from their resources. In this article, we seek to provide an overview of the implications of each of the epistemological perspectives and, consequently, the need for modifying some principle rules. The importance of accepting the difference between the cosmological effects of certainty (stimulus) and its legislative effects (justification) in fundamentalism and the need to develop trusteeship in transitive is one of the most important findings of this research.