ﺑﺎزﻧﻤﺎﯾﯽ اﻫﻢ اﺻﻮل ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ در ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺷﯿﺦ اﺷﺮاق و ﻋﻼﻣﻪ ﻃﺒﺎﻃﺒﺎﯾﯽ

Representation of the most important cognitive principles in Hakim Suhrawardi and Allameh Tabatabai’s epistemology

در ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ روﺷﯽ ﺑﯿﻦ ﮐﺎر اﯾﻦ دو ﺣﮑﯿﻢ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ از اﻫـﻢ ﻣﺒﺎﺣـﺚ ﻣﻌﺮﻓـ ﺖ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ اﺷـﺮاﻗﯽ، ﺗﺄﮐﯿﺪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺤﺚ از ﻋﻠﻢ ﺣﻀﻮري و روش اﺷﺮاﻗﯽ اوﺳﺖ. وي ﻋﻠﻢ ﺣﻀـﻮري را ﻋﻠﻤـﯽ ﺧﻄﺎﻧﺎﭘـﺬﯾﺮ و ﺣﻘﯿﻘـﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻤﺎرد، اﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺣﺼﻮﻟﯽ را ﺗﺼﻮر ذﻫﻨﯽ ﻣﺤﺾ ﻣﯽ داﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻬﺮه اي از ﺣﻘـﺎﯾﻖ اﺷـﯿﺎ ﻧـﺪارد ؛ ﺑﻠﮑـﻪ آن ﭼـﻪ دارد ﻓﻘﻂ، ﺻﻮرت و ﻣﺜﺎﻟﯽ از ﺷﺊ در ذﻫﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه واﻗﻊ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﯽ از ﺧﺎرج اﺳﺖ. در ﺑﺤﺚ ﺻﺪق و ﮐﺬب، ﻣﻮاﻓﻖ »ﺗﺌـﻮري ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ« و در ﺑﺤﺚ ارزش ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ، »ﻣﺒﻨﺎﮔﺮا« اﺳﺖ. ﺑـﺮﺧﻼف ﺷـﯿﺦ اﺷـﺮاق، ﻋﻼﻣـﻪ ﻃﺒﺎﻃﺒـﺎﯾﯽ ﺑـﺎ روش ﻋﻘﻠـﯽ ﻣﺤﺾ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ أوﻻ؛ً ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻋﻠﻮم و ادراﮐـﺎت ﺣﺘـﯽ ﺑـﺪﯾﻬﯿﺎت، ﺣـﺲ و ﺻـﻮر ﺣﺴـﯽ اﺳـﺖ و اﻧﺘـﺰاع ﺑﺪﯾﻬﯿﺎت از ﺗﺼﻮرات ﺣﺴﯽ ﺑﻼ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ اﺳﺖ؛ ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ وي ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻻت ﺑﺪﯾﻬﯽ را ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿـﺖ دﯾﮕـﺮ ذﻫـﻦ ﮐـﻪ اﻧﺘﺰاع و اﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻻت ﺛﺎﻧﯿﻪ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﯽ اﺳﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ، ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎ؛ً ﻋﻠﻢ ﺣﺼﻮﻟﯽ ﯾﮏ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻋﻘﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣـﺪه از ﯾﮏ ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﺣﻀﻮري اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻘﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﭼﺎر ﺑﻪ آن ﺗﻦ داده اﺳﺖ و آن ﻣﻌﻠﻮم ﺣﻀﻮري ﯾﮏ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﺜـﺎﻟﯽ و ﻋﻘﻠـﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ ﺧﻮد ﻧﺰد ﻣﺪركِ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﯽ آﯾﺪ و اﯾﻦ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ي ورود ﻋﻼﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻠـﻢ ﺣﻀـﻮري اﺳـﺖ . ﻋﻼﻣﻪ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﻬﺮوردي ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﻪ »ﺗﺌﻮري ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ« و »ﻣﺒﻨﺎﮔﺮوي« اﺳﺖ. روش ﺑﺤﺚ اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎر ﺑـﻪ روش ﻋﻘﻠﯽ و ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ- ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ و در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.

The method of the works of these sages when compared, it may be said that one of the most important epistemological topics of the illuminative philosophy is the emphasis on the discussion of knowledge in presence and intuition. He considers the knowledge in presence to be infallible and true knowledge, but he considers the acquired knowledge to be a pure mental imagination which has no benefit from the reality; Rather, what it has is only a form and an image of an object in the mind with external reality; of course, in the discussion of truth and falsehood, it agrees with the "theory of conformity" and in the discussion of the value of knowledge, it is "fundamentalist". Unlike Sheikh Ishraq, Allameh believes in a purely rational way that first; The origin of all knowledge and perceptions, even axioms, is senses and sensual perceptions, and the abstraction of axioms from sensory concepts is unimpeded; He also attributes the formation of self-evident intelligences to another activity of the mind, which is the abstraction and derivation of philosophical second intelligences; Acquired knowledge is a rational derivation obtained from a known in presence to which the intellect has inevitably admitted, and it is the known in presence of an imaginal and rational being which comes to the present of knower with its external existence, and this is the basis for Allameh to enter Discussion of knowledge in presence. Allameh, like Suhrawardi, believes in the "theory of conformity" and "foundationalism".