مقبوليت كيفر در نظام عدالت كيفري

Acceptance of punishment in the criminal justice system

ﮐﯿﻔﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺣﮑﻢ ذات ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺧﻮد، در ﺣﺎل ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﺪاوم ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻇﻬﻮر ﮐﯿﻔﺮﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺠﺎزاتﻫﺎي ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻦ ﺣﺒﺲ و ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﻃﻮر ﭘﯿﺶﺑﯿﻨﯽ ﻧﻬﺎدﻫﺎي ﮐﯿﻔﺮزدا در ﻧﻈﺎمﻫﺎي ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﯾﺮان، ﻣﺆﯾﺪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ و ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﻣﺼﺎدﯾﻖ ﻧﻮﯾﻦ ﭘﺎﺳﺦﻫﺎي ﮐﯿﻔﺮي ﺑﻪ ﺑﺰﻫﮑﺎري اﺳﺖ. در اﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺎن، ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﯿﺖ واﮐﻨﺶﻫﺎي ﮐﯿﻔﺮي ﺟﺪﯾﺪ در ﻣﯿﺎن ﮐﻨﺸﮕﺮان ﻗﻀﺎﯾﯽ از اﻫﻤﯿﺖ زﯾﺎدي ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﮐﻪ در ﺻﻮرت ﻋﺪم ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﮐﯿﻔﺮﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﯾﺪ، ﭘﯿﺎدهﺳﺎزي روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎي ﻧﻮﯾﻦ ﮐﯿﻔﺮدﻫﯽ در ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﯽﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﭘﺬﯾﺮش ﮐﯿﻔﺮ و ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﯿﺖ آن در ﻣﯿﺎن ﮐﻨﺸﮕﺮان ﻗﻀﺎﯾﯽِ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ در ﺻﺪور و اﺟﺮاي آن اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﻓﺰاﯾﻨﺪهاي ﭘﯿﺪا ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ؛ زﯾﺮا در ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ از ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﺗﺎ اﺟﺮاي ﮐﯿﻔﺮﻫﺎ، ﮐﻨﺸﮕﺮان ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ اﯾﻔﺎي ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ و ﻧﮕﺮش ﻫﺮ ﮐﺪام ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﮐﯿﻔﺮدﻫﯽ، ﻧﻮع و ﯾﺎ ﺣﺘﯽ اﺻﻞ اﺟﺮاي آن را ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻗﺮار دﻫﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ دﻟﯿﻞ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم »ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﮐﯿﻔﺮ« ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ دﻗﯿﻖ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ در ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ دادرﺳﯽ، از ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﻘﯿﺐ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ دادرﺳﯽ و اﺟﺮاي ﮐﯿﻔﺮﻫﺎ ﭼﻪ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺮ ﮐﯿﻔﺮدﻫﯽ و ﺗﻮﺳﻞ ﯾﺎ ﻋﺪم ﺗﻮﺳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﮐﯿﻔﺮﻫﺎي اﺻﻼح ﻣﺪار و ارﻓﺎق آﻣﯿﺰ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﯽﮔﺬارد. ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ اﯾﻦ دو ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ در ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎي ﭘﯿﺶ رو ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻣﻔﯿﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ آن ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮑﺴﺎن ﺳﺎزي ﻧﮕﺮش ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﯿﺖ ﮐﯿﻔﺮ از ﺳﻠﯿﻘﻪ ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ ﮐﻨﺸﮕﺮان ﻗﻀﺎﯾﯽ در ﮐﯿﻔﺮدﻫﯽ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﺟﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﻗﻀﺎﯾﯽ و اﺟﺮاﯾﯽ در زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﮐﯿﻔﺮﻫﺎي ﻧﻮﯾﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﺟﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﻘﻨﯿﻨﯽ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﻧﺒﻮده و دﻻﯾﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﻘﺪان ﺳﺎزوﮐﺎرﻫﺎي اﺟﺮاﯾﯽ در ﭘﯿﺎدهﺳﺎزي ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﮐﯿﻔﺮﻫﺎ، ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ اﻗﺘﻀﺎﺋﺎت ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻔﮑﺮ ﮐﻨﺸﮕﺮان ﻗﻀﺎﯾﯽ در اﯾﻦ ﺧﺼﻮص ﻣﻮﺛﺮ اﺳﺖ.

Punishments are constantly changing due to their variable nature. The emergence of new punishments under the title of alternative punishments to imprisonment, as well as the provision of penal institutions in the legal systems of various countries, including Iran, confirms the change and expansion of new examples of criminal responses to crime. Among these, the acceptance of new criminal responses among judicial actors is of great importance; So that in case of non-acceptance of new punishments, the implementation of new approaches to punishment in law will be ineffective. Therefore, the acceptance of punishment and its acceptance among judicial actors effective in issuing and enforcing it is becoming increasingly important; Because in different stages from the determination to the execution of punishments, different actors play a role and the attitude of each of them can affect the punishment, the type or even the principle of its execution. For this reason, it is necessary to first carefully study the concept of "acceptability of punishment" and then to address the question of what are the components of punishment and recourse or non-recourse to the various stages of the trial, from the prosecution stage to the execution stage and execution of punishments? Correctional and compassionate punishments affect. Explaining these two issues can not only be useful in identifying the challenges ahead, but also can prevent the taste of judicial actors in sentencing by unifying the attitude based on the acceptability of punishment. The finding of this s