بررسي حقوق شهروندي با تاكيد بر آزادي بيان در فقه و حقوق

The Study of Citizenship Rights with Emphasis on Freedom of Expression in Jurisprudence and Law

ﺣﻘﻮق ﺷﻬﺮوﻧﺪي ﻫﻤﺎن ﺣﻘﻮق ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﮐﺎﻣﻼً ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ در ﻣﺘﻦ ﯾﮏ زﻧﺪﮔﯽ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻣﺪرن در ﻗﺮن ﺟﺪﯾﺪ و ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺒﯿﺮي ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﺻﻠﯽ ﺣﻘﻮق ﺷﻬﺮوﻧﺪي، ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻘﻮق ﻣﻄﻠﻖ، داﺋﻢ، ﺛﺎﺑﺖ و ﻋﯿﻨﯽ ﺑﺸﺮ اﺳﺖ و ﻫﯿﭻ ﯾﮏ از اﻓﺮاد ﺑﺸﺮ در ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ ﺣﺎﮐﻤﻪ از اﯾﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺑﺮ دﯾﮕﺮي ﺑﺮﺗﺮي ﻧﺪارد و ﺑﻪ ﺑﯿﺎن ﮐﻠﯽﺗﺮ ﺣﻘﻮق ﺷﻬﺮوﻧﺪي ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻪ روﺣﯽ واﺣﺪ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻪ ﺗﺠﻠﯽ ﭘﯿﺪا ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﻧﻪ در ﭼﻨﺪي ﻣﺎده، ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺣﻘﻮق ﺷﻬﺮوﻧﺪي از ﺣﯿﺚ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع، در ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﺑﺮ دو دﺳﺘﻪ اﺻﻠﯽ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ و ﺗﻔﮑﯿﮏ اﺳﺖ؛ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﻘﻮق ﮐﻠﯽ و اﺳﺎﺳﯽ و ﺣﻘﻮق اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﻘﻮق ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ، اداري، اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي، ﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ و ﻗﻀﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ. روش ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ اﻋﻢ از ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﯾﺎ ﮐﺘﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪاي و ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ- ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ.

Citizenship rights are exactly the same developed natural rights in the context of modern social life in the recent and contemporary century, in a sense the basic elements of citizenship rights supervise absolute, permanent, fixed, and objective human rights, and hence, any human beings in this respect in a governing justice do not have superior over others, and citizenship rights are generally regarded as a single spirit that manifests themselves in the form of different statutes, not in the form of some separate articles that consist of a specific legal issue. Citizenship rights in regard to the issue can be divided into two main categories in the constitution; including fundamental rights and social rights that consist of political, administrative, economic, cultural, and judicial rights. Citizenship rights are studied and analyzed by the library and analytic methods in this research.