مقايسه مفهومي پايگاههاي شخصيت با مراتب نفس بر اساس رويكردهاي فلسفي، عرفاني و تفسيري

A Comparative Analytical Study of Psychological Concepts of Id, Ego and Super Ego With the Concept of Soul and Its Levels Based on Philosophical, Mystical and Interpretive approaches

ﻫﺪف اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ »ﭘﺎﯾﮕﺎه ﻫـﺎي ﺷﺨﺼـﯿﺖ« ﺑـﺎ »ﻣﺮاﺗـﺐ ﻧﻔـﺲ« ﺑـﺮ اﺳـﺎس روﯾﮑﺮدﻫـﺎي ﻓﻠﺴـﻔﯽ، ﻋﺮﻓﺎﻧﯽ و ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮي اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ »روش ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﮐﯿﻔﯽ ﻣﺘﻮن« و رﻋﺎﯾﺖ »ﻗﻮاﻋـﺪ و ﺿـﻮاﺑﻂ ﺗﻔﺴـﯿﺮ« و »روﯾﮑـﺮدي ﻣﯿﺎنرﺷﺘﻪاي« ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. از ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج اﻟﮕﻮي ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﯽ ﻣﺮاﺗﺐ ﻧﻔـﺲ ﺑـﺮ اﺳـﺎس روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺴﻔﯽ، ﻋﺮﻓﺎﻧﯽ و ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮي اﺳﺖ. اﻟﮕـﻮي اﺳـﺘﺨﺮاجﺷـﺪه ﻣـﯽﺗﻮاﻧـﺪ ﺗﻨـﺎﻇﺮي ﺑـﺮاي درك ﺑﻬﺘـﺮ ﭘﺎﯾﮕﺎهﻫﺎي ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺖ در ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ روانﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞﮔﺮي ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮاﺗﺐ ﻧﻔﺲ اراﺋﻪ ﮐﻨﺪ. از اﯾﻦ رو، ﻣﯽﺗﻮان »ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﻠﻬﻤـﻪ« و »ﻧﻔﺲ ﻋﺎﻗﻠﻪ« را ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر »ﻣﻦ«، »ﻧﻔﺲ ﻣﺴﻮﻟﻪ« و »ﻧﻔﺲ اﻣـﺎره« را ﻣﺘﻨـﺎﻇﺮ ﺑـﺎ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎر »ﻧﻬـﺎد« و »ﻧﻔــﺲ ﻟﻮاﻣــﻪ رﺣﻤــﺎﻧﯽ« و »ﻧﻔــﺲ ﻟﻮاﻣــﻪ ﺷــﯿﻄﺎﻧﯽ« را ﻣﺘﻨــﺎﻇﺮ ﺑــﺎ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﺎر »ﻓــﺮاﻣﻦ« در ﻧﻈــﺮ ﮔﺮﻓــﺖ. در روانﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞﮔﺮي، ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺮاﺗﺐ ﻧﻔﺲ »ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻨـﻪ، راﺿـﯿﻪ و ﻣﺮﺿـﯿﻪ« ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻠـﺖ ﺗﻔـﺎوت ﻣﺒـﺎﻧﯽ اﻧﺴـﺎنﺷﻨﺎﺳـﯽ، ﺗﻨﺎﻇﺮي ﻗﺎﺑﻞﺗﺼﻮر ﻧﯿﺴﺖ. ﺗﻔﺎوت دﯾﮕﺮ ﺑﯿﻦ دو روﯾﮑﺮد، ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ و اﯾﺠﺎد آنﻫﺎﺳﺖ ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﮐـﻪ ﻧﻔـﺲ ﻣﻠﻬﻤﻪ اوﻟﯿﻦ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﻧﻔﺲ اﺳﺖ، اﻣﺎ در روانﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞﮔﺮي، ﻧﻬﺎد اوﻟﯿﻦ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ وﺟﻮدي روان اﺳﺖ.

The purpose of this study is to make an analytical comparison between the concepts of the Id, the Ego and the Super Ego in psychoanalysis and levels of the soul in Islamic teachings with the method of qualitative analysis of texts and the observance of rules and criteria of interpretation. This is an interdisciplinary approach. One of the results of this research is the study of a conceptual model for the levels of the soul based on philosophical, mystical and interpretive approaches and its comparison with the threefold structure of personality in psychoanalysis. It can also provide a paradigm for a better understanding of the psychological concept of Psychic Apparatus: The soul and the revealed soul or “nafs mulhama” can be considered as two areas of the soul with the Id, the wise soul or “snaf aqila” with the Ego and the “nafs lawwama” or soul of the merciful and the evil is equivalent with the Super ego. In psychoanalysis, there is no conceivable correspondence for the levels of self-confidence, one whom God is pleased with, and satisfied due to the differences in the anthropological foundations.