درآمدي بر نظريه اريكسن و مطابقت آن با رويكرد اسلامي

An Introduction to Eriksen Theory with a Religious Approach

ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﺗﺤﻮل رواﻧﯽ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ارﯾﮑﺴﻦ ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﻌـﺮوفﺗـﺮﯾﻦ ﻧﻈﺮﯾـﻪﻫـﺎي رﺷـﺪ و ﺷﺨﺼـﯿﺖ اﺳـﺖ. ﭘـﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻧﻘـﺶ ﻣـﺬﻫﺐ و ﻣﻌﻨﻮﯾـﺖ در ﻧﻈﺮﯾـﻪ ارﯾﮑﺴـﻦ و ارزﯾـﺎﺑﯽ ﻧﻈﺮﯾـﻪ وي ﺑـﺮ اﺳـﺎس ﻣﻨـﺎﺑﻊ اﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳـﺖ. در اﯾـﻦ ﭘـﮋوﻫﺶ از روش اﺟﺘﻬـﺎدي اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده ﺷـﺪه اﺳـﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﻧـﻮﻋﯽ ﺗﺤﻠﯿـﻞ ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﮐﯿﻔﯽ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس آن، ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ اﺳـﻼﻣﯽ و روانﺷﻨﺎﺳـﯽ ﻣـﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺮرﺳـﯽ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿـﻞ ﺷـﺪه اﺳـﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﺘـﻮن روانﺷﻨﺎﺳـﯽ و دﯾﻨـﯽ ﺣﮑﺎﯾـﺖ از آن دارد ﮐـﻪ ﻣـﺬﻫﺐ و ﻣﻌﻨﻮﯾـﺖ در رﺷـﺪ اﻧﺴﺎن ﻧﻘﺸﯽ ﻣﻬﻢ اﯾﻔﺎ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ. ﯾﺎزده ﻣﻔﺮوﺿﻪ اﻧﺴﺎنﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ در ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ارﯾﮑﺴﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻞاﺳﺘﺨﺮ اج اﺳﺖ ﮐـﻪ در ﺑﺴﯿﺎري از ﻣﻮارد ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﺮوﺿﻪﻫـﺎي اﻧﺴـﺎنﺷﻨﺎﺳـﯽ اﺳـﻼﻣﯽ ﻫﻤﺴـﻮ اﺳـﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘـﻪ دﯾﮕـﺮ اﯾـﻦ ﭘـﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﺸـﺎن ﻣـﯽدﻫـﺪ از ﺑـﯿﻦ ﻣﺮاﺣـﻞ ﻫﺸـﺖﮔﺎﻧـﻪ، ﺳـﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ از ﻣﺮاﺣـﻞ رواﻧـﯽ اﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﯽ ارﯾﮑﺴـﻦ؛ اﻋﺘﻤـﺎد در ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ ﺑﯽاﻋﺘﻤﺎدي، ﻫﻮﯾﺖ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﮔﻢﮔﺸﺘﮕﯽ ﻫﻮﯾـﺖ و ﯾﮑﭙـﺎرﭼﮕﯽ در ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ ﻧﻮﻣﯿـﺪي، ﺑـﻪﻃـﻮر وﯾـﮋه ﺑـﺎ ﻣـﺬﻫﺐ و ﻣﻌﻨﻮﯾﺖ در ارﺗﺒﺎط اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ اﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺄﯾﯿﺪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ.

Eriksen's theory of psychological and social development is one of the most famous theories of development and personality. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of religion and spirituality in Eriksen's theory and to evaluate his theory based on Islamic sources. The research method is content analysis, based on which Islamic and related psychological sources have been analyzed. Findings from the analysis of psychological and religious texts indicate that religion and spirituality play an important role in human development. Eleven Anthropological assumptions can be deduced in Eriksen's theory, which in many cases are in line with Islamic anthropological assumptions. Another finding is that out of the eight stages, three stages (trust versus distrust, identity versus identity loss, and integration versus despair) of Eriksen's psychological and social stages are specifically related to religion and spirituality. This issue has also been confirmed based on Islamic sources.