تبيين مفهومي و فرآيندي استعداد بر اساس منابع اسلامي

Explaining the concept and process of talent according to Islamic sources

در ﻧﻈــﺎم ﺗﺮﺑﯿﺘــﯽ اﺳــﻼم ﮐــﻪ ﻫــﺪﻓﺶ ﺑــﻪ ﮐﻤــﺎل رﺳــﺎﻧﺪن اﻧﺴــﺎن اﺳــﺖ، ﺗﺮﺑﯿــﺖ و ﭘــﺮورش، ﭼﯿــﺰي ﺟــﺰ ﺷــﮑﻮﻓﺎﮐﺮدن اﺳﺘﻌﺪادﻫﺎي دروﻧﯽ، ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮه در اﻧﺴﺎن وﺟﻮد دارد، ﻧﯿﺴﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﺤﻠﯿـﻞ ﻣﻔﻬـﻮﻣﯽ و ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪي اﺳﺘﻌﺪاد ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ اﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﺷﺪ. روش اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن داد واژه »اﺳﺘﻌﺪاد« ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ اﻣﺮوزه در ﻣﺘﻮن روانﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ و ﻋﻠﻮم ﺗﺮﺑﯿﺘﯽ ﺑﺪان ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷـﻮد، در ﻣﻨـﺎﺑﻊ دﯾﻨﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر ﻧﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ، اﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﯿﻢ و ﻣﻀﺎﻣﯿﻦ دﯾﻨﯽ، ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﺳﺘﻌﺪاد و ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪ ﺗﺤـﻮل آن اﺷـﺎره دارد. ﻃﺒـﻖ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، اﺳﺘﻌﺪاد ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﺎه دﯾﻨﯽ، ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪاي از ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽﻫﺎ، ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖﻫﺎ و ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ اﻧﺴﺎن اﺳـﺖ ﮐﻪ در زﻣﯿﻨﻪاي ﺧﺎص آﺷﮑﺎر ﺷﺪه و زﻣﯿﻨﻪﺳﺎز ﻓﻀﺎﯾﻞ اﺧﻼﻗﯽ اﺳﺖ و در ﺟﻬﺖ ﮐﻤﺎل و ﺷﮑﻮﻓﺎﯾﯽ اﻧﺴﺎن ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽﮔﯿـﺮد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ، ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن داد در ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪي ﺳﺎزه دﯾﻨﯽ اﺳﺘﻌﺪاد، ﺳﻪ ﻣﻔﻬـﻮم »ﻓﻄـﺮت«، »اﺑـﺘﻼ« و »ﮐﻤـﺎل«، ﻧﻘـﺶ اﺳﺎﺳﯽ دارﻧﺪ و ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪي ﮐﻪ از ﻓﻄﺮت آﻏﺎز ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﺑﺎ ﻣﺪاﺧﻠﻪ اﺑﺘﻼﺋﺎت، ﺑﻪ ﮐﺸﻒ اﺳﺘﻌﺪاد ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﻣـﯽﮔـﺮدد و در رﻫﮕـﺬر ﮐﺴﺐ ﻓﻀﺎﯾﻞ اﺧﻼﻗﯽ، ﻓﺮد را ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻮﻓﺎﯾﯽ و ﮐﻤﺎل ﻣﯽرﺳﺎﻧﺪ.

In the educational system of Islam, in which the goal is to reach man to excellence, there is nothing but flourishing innate talents which are in potential form in man. This study aimed to investigate the concept and process of talent according to Islamic sources. The method of the study is descriptive-analytical. The study findings showed that the word “talent” in its today’s psychology and education usage has not been used in the religious sources; however, there are some religious concepts and themes referring to talent and its developmental process. Based on the findings, talent according to the religious view is a combination of natural human abilities, talents, and capacities which are shown in a specific field, prepare the ground for moral virtues, and are in direction of man’s excellence and flourish. Also, the findings showed that there are three concepts that explain the process of the religious concept of talent: “nature”, “affliction”, and “excellence”. A process which starts with the “nature”, results in discovering the talent by intervening “afflictions”, and through the acquisition of moral virtues conveys man to flourish and “excellence”.