درنگي در روش فلسفي ابن سينا

A Deliberation on Avicenna’s Philosophical Method

روشﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﻤﯽ، اﺑﺰارﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻫﺮ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. در دوران ﺟﺪﯾـﺪ و ﻣﻌﺎﺻـﺮ ﺑـﻪﺗـﺪرﯾﺞ ﻣﺒﺎﺣـﺚ ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﻞ، درﺑﺎرۀ ﭼﻨﺪوﭼﻮن اﯾﻦ روشﻫﺎ رواج ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ، ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ ﻣﺘﺪوﻟﻮژي )روشﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ( ﻋﻠﻮم داﻣـﻦ زد. ﻫـﺮ ﭼﻨـﺪ ﺑﺤـﺚ از روش ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ در دورانﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﻄﺮح ﺑﻮد، اﻣﺮوزه اﯾﻦ ﺑﺤﺚ در ﺷﺎﺧﮥ ﻧﻮﭘﯿﺪاﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم ﻓﺮاﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎر ﭘـﯿﺶرو در ﭘﯽ ﺑﺮداﺷﺘﻦ ﮔﺎﻣﯽ اوﻟﯿﻪ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت روش ﻓﻠﺴﻔﯽ اﺑﻦﺳﯿﻨﺎ اﺳﺖ. اﺑﻦﺳﯿﻨﺎ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ و ﻣﺴـﺘﻮﻓﺎﯾﯽ درﺑﺎرۀ روش ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﻣﻄﺮح ﻧﮑﺮده اﺳﺖ؛ از اﯾﻦ رو ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ روش ﻓﻠﺴﻔﯽ او ﺑﺎﯾﺪ از ﻓﺮاﻓﻠﺴﻔﮥ ﺿﻤﻨﯽاش ﺑﻬـﺮه ﺑـﺮد و ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮور ﺑﺮ آﺛﺎرش روشﻫﺎﯾﯽ را ﮐﻪ وي در ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎرﺑﺴﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ، ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﺮد.در اﯾـﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟـﻪ ﭘـﺲ از ﺑﺤﺜـﯽ ﻣﻘـﺪﻣﺎﺗﯽ درﺑﺎرۀ روش ﻋﻠﻮم و روشﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﯽ، ﺑﺤﺚﻫﺎي اﺑﻦﺳﯿﻨﺎ در ﻣﻮرد روش ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ را ﻣـﺮور ﻣـﯽﮐﻨﻢ. در ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺑـﺎ ﻧﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﺮ روشﻫﺎي ﮐﻤﺎﺑﯿﺶ راﯾﺞ در ﻓﻠﺴﻔﮥ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ، ﭼﻬﺎر روش اﺳﺘﺪﻻل ﻗﯿﺎﺳﯽ، ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﻔﻬـﻮﻣﯽ، ﺗﺤﻠﯿـﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﯽ و آزﻣﻮن ذﻫﻨﯽ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان اﻟﮕﻮ و ﭼﺎرﭼﻮب ﺑﺤﺚ، اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه و ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﯾﯽ از ﺑﻪﮐﺎرﮔﯿﺮي اﯾﻦ روشﻫـﺎ در ﻓﻠﺴـﻔﮥ اﺑـﻦﺳـﯿﻨﺎ اراﺋﻪ ﻣﯽﮔﺮدد. ﺑﺎزﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ روش ﻓﻠﺴﻔﯽ اﺑﻦﺳﯿﻨﺎ در اﯾﻦ ﭼﺎرﭼﻮب ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫـﺪ ﻓﻠﺴـﻔﮥ وي ﺑـﻪ ﻟﺤـﺎظ روﺷـﯽ ﺷـﺒﺎﻫﺖ زﯾﺎدي ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﮥ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ دارد.

Scientific methods are tools for solving the problems of any science. In the new and contemporary era, the independent discussion of some of these popular methods gradually fueled the formulation of science methodology. Although the issue of the method of philosophy was also discussed in the past, today this discussion is followed in an emerging field called meta-philosophy. This article seeks to take an initial step in order to identify the coordinates of Avicenna’s philosophical method. Avicenna does not have an independent and exhaustive discussion of the method of philosophy, and therefore, to identify his philosophical method, one should use his implicit meta-philosophy and by reviewing his works, identify the methods that he actually used. In this article, after an introductory discussion on the method of science and philosophical methodology, I review Avicenna’s discussions on the method of philosophy. In the next step, with a look at the more or less common methods in analytical philosophy, four methods of comparative reasoning, conceptual analysis, logical analysis, and mental test will be selected as models and frameworks for discussion and some examples will be presented for the application of these methods in Avicenna’s philosophy. Recognizing Avicenna’s philosophical method in this framework shows that his philosophy is very similar to contemporary analytical philosophy in terms of method.