كليدواژه :
ﻃﺮد و ﻋﮑﺲ , ﺳﺒﺮ و ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ , دَ َوران , اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ , ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪرﺑﺎﯾﯽ , ﺗﺮدﯾﺪ
چكيده فارسي :
روشﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽِ ﮐﺸﻒ ﻓﺮﺿﯿﮥ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦﮔﺮ ﭼﯿﺴﺖ؟ در دوران ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ، و در ﻣﻐﺮبزﻣﯿﻦ، ﺑﯿﺶ و ﭘﯿﺶاز ﻫﻤﻪ، ِﭘﺮس، ﻫـﺎرﻣﻦ، و ﻟﯿﭙﺘﻮن ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ درﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪهاﻧﺪ. ﺗﻼشﻫﺎي آﻧﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم »اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ« اﻧﺠﺎﻣﯿﺪه اﺳﺖ، ﮐﻪ ﯾـﮏ ﻧـﻮع دﻟﯿـﻞ ﻏﯿﺮﻗﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ دو ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اﺳﺖ: )1( ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻓﺮﺿـﯿﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦﮔـﺮ، )2( اﻧﺘﺨـﺎب ﺑﻬﺘـﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﺒﯿـﯿﻦ. ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ، ﭘﺮﺳـﺶ آﻏﺎزﯾﻦ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ از ﭼﯿﺴﺘﯽِ روشﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از اﯾﻦ دو ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻓﺮوﮐﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷـﺪ. در دوران ﺳـﻨﺘﯽ، و در ﺟﻬـﺎن اﺳﻼم، ﻧﺰد ﻣﺘﮑﻠﻤﺎن و ﻓﻘﯿﻬﺎن، دو روش اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﯽ رواج داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎمﻫﺎي )اﻟـﻒ( ﻃـﺮد و ﻋﮑـﺲ، ﯾـﺎ دَ َوران؛ )ب( ﺗﻘﺴــﯿﻢ و ﺳــﺒﺮ، ﯾــﺎ ﺗﺮدﯾــﺪ ﮐــﻪ ﻣﯽﺗــﻮان آنﻫــﺎ را ﺑــﻪ ﭘﯿﺶدﯾــﺪﻫﺎﯾﯽ از اﺳــﺘﻨﺘﺎج ﺑﻬﺘــﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﺒﯿــﯿﻦ ﺗﺄوﯾــﻞ ﮐــﺮد و ﺑــﻪوﯾﮋه، ﺑﻪﻣﺜﺎﺑﮥروشﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽِ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﮥ )1( ﺑـﻪ ﮐـﺎر ﺑﺴـﺖ. اﯾـﻦ ﺧـﻮاﻧﺶ ﻧـﻪ ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ دَ َوران و ﺗﺮدﯾـﺪ را در ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ ﻧﻘـﺪﻫﺎي ﻓﯿﻠﺴـﻮﻓﺎن و ﻣﻨﻄﻖداﻧﺎن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎن ﻗﺎﺑﻞدﻓﺎع ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﮐﺮد، ﺑﻠﮑﻪ از ﯾﮏﺳﻮ، ﺑﻪ روشﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽِ ﻃﺮاﺣﺎن آن دو، ﭼﻬﺮهاي ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﺨﺸﯿﺪه و از دﯾﮕﺮﺳﻮ، ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﭘﯿﺸﯿﻨﻪاي ﮐﻬﻦ در ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﮐﺎﻣﻼً ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داد. اﯾﻦ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﺑـﺮاي ﺗـﺎرﯾﺦ ﻣﻨﻄـﻖ، ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﮐﻼم، و ﺣﺘﯽ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﮥ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.
چكيده لاتين :
What is the methodology of discovering the explanatory hypothesis? In the contemporary era, and in the West, above all, Peirce, Harman, and Lipton have been involved in this question. Their efforts have led to the concept of inference to the best explanation, which is a type of non-comparative reasoning consisting of two stages: (1) generation of explanatory hypotheses, (2) selection of the best explanation. Therefore, the initial question will be reduced to the question of what is the methodology of each of these two stages. In the traditional era, and in the Islamic world, among theologians and jurists, two inference methods have been popular by the names (a) thrust and inversion (ṭard va aks), or rotation (davarān); (b) division and fathoming (sabr), or hesitation, which can be interpreted as anticipations of the inference to the best explanation and, in particular, applied as a methodology of step (1). This perusal will not only make rotation and hesitation defensible against the critiques of Muslim philosophers and logicians, but also, on the one hand, it will give a contemporary aspect to the methodology of the two designers, and on the other hand, it will bestow an ancient background in a completely different culture to the inference to the best explanation. These findings can be important for the history of logic, the history of speech, and even the history of the philosophy of science.
