شمول گرايي منطقي به مثابه روش عقلانيت نوين

Logical Inclusiveness as a Method of Modern Rationality

در ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﻮع ﻧﻈﺎمﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ؛ اﻧﺤﺼﺎرﮔﺮاﯾﯽ، ﮐﺜﺮتﮔﺮاﯾﯽ و اﺑﺰارﮔﺮاﯾـﯽ. اﻧﺤﺼـﺎرﮔﺮاﯾﺎن ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﯾﮏ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻨﻄﻖ را ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﻣﯽداﻧﻨﺪ، ﮐﺜﺮتﮔﺮاﯾﺎن ﻫﻤﮥ ﻧﻈﺎمﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻄﻖ را ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﻣﯽداﻧﻨـﺪ و اﺑﺰارﮔﺮاﯾـﺎن ﻫـﯿﭻ ﻧﻈـﺎم ﻣﻨﻄﻖ را ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﻧﻤﯽداﻧﻨﺪ. )ﺻﺤﺖ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﺑﺮايﺷﺎن ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﯿﺖ ﻧﺪارد( ﻧﻈﺮﯾـﻪاي ﮐـﻪ در اﯾـﻦ ﺟﺴـﺘﺎر ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﯽ ﻣﯽﺷـﻮد ﺷﻤﻮلﮔﺮاﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﺷـﻤﻮلﮔﺮاﯾﯽ ﻧـﻪ اﻧﺤﺼـﺎرﮔﺮاﯾﯽ اﺳـﺖ؛ ﭼـﻮن ﺑـﯿﺶ از ﯾـﮏ ﻧﻈـﺎم ﻣﻨﻄـﻖ را ﺻـﺤﯿﺢ ﻣﯽداﻧـﺪ و ﻧـﻪ ﮐﺜﺮتﮔﺮاﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ؛ ﭼﻮن ﻫﻤﮥ ﻧﻈﺎمﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻄﻖ را ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﻧﻤﯽداﻧﺪ و ﻧﻪ اﺑﺰارﮔﺮاﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ؛ ﭼﻮن ﺻﺤﯿﺢ و ﻧﺎﺻـﺤﯿﺢ ﺑـﻮدن ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﺑﺮاﯾﺶ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﯿﺖ دارد. اﺑﻦﺳﯿﻨﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﻮع در داﻧﺶ ﻣﻨﻄـﻖ روﺑـﺮو ﺑـﻮده اﺳـﺖ: ﻣﻨﻄـﻖ ارﺳـﻄﻮﯾﯽ و ﻣﻨﻄـﻖ رواﻗﯽ-ﻣﮕﺎري. او در اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﻪ اﻧﺤﺼﺎرﮔﺮا ﻧﺒﻮده اﺳـﺖ؛ زﯾـﺮا اﮔـﺮ ﭼﻨـﯿﻦ ﺑـﻮد ﯾﮑـﯽ را اﻧﺘﺨـﺎب ﻣﯽﮐـﺮد و دﯾﮕـﺮي را واﻣﯽﻧﻬﺎد. وي ﮐﺜﺮتﮔﺮا ﻫﻢ ﻧﺒﻮده اﺳﺖ؛ زﯾﺮا اﮔﺮ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﻮد ﻫﺮ دو را ﺑﺪون دﺧﻞ و ﺗﺼﺮف و ﺑﯽﮐﻢوﮐﺎﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﻓـﺖ. اﺑﻦ ﺳﯿﻨﺎ اﺑﺰارﮔﺮا ﻧﯿﺰ ﻧﺒﻮده اﺳﺖ؛ زﯾﺮا ﺻﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﺑﺮاي او ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﯿﺖ داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ

Encountering the variety of logic systems, three theories have been introduced; exclusivism, pluralism and instrumentalism. Exclusivists consider only one system of logic to be correct. Pluralists consider all systems of logic to be correct. Instrumentalists do not consider any system of logic to be correct (correctness of logic is irrelevant for them). The theory introduced in this essay is inclusivism. Inclusivism is neither exclusivism, because it does not consider more than one system of logic to be correct, nor it is pluralism because it does not consider all systems of logic to be correct, and nor is it instrumentalism, because the correctness and incorrectness of the logic system is irrelevant for it. Avicenna also faced diversity in the knowledge of logic; Aristotelian logic and Stoic-Megarian logic. He has not been exclusivist in this encounter, because if that was the case, he would choose one and give up the other. He was not a pluralist, because if that was the case, he would have taken both of them without any unwarranted change and all in one piece. Avicenna was not an instrumentalist either, because the correctness of the logic system was relevant for him.