تحليلي بر ديالوگ انديشه هايدگر والهيات مسيحي

An Analysis of the Dialogue between Heidegger’s Thoughts and Christian Theology

اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ در ﺻﺪد ﭘﺎﺳﺦﮔﻮﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﯽ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦﮐﻨﻨﺪه درﺑﺎرۀ اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻪ ﻫﺎﯾﺪﮔﺮ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ اﻧﺪﯾﺸﮥ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﯽ او ﺑﺎ دﯾﺪﮔﺎهﻫـﺎي اﻟﻬﯿﺎﺗﯽ اﺳﺖ. اﻧﺪﯾﺸﮥ ﻫﺎﯾﺪﮔﺮ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻨﺎزﻋﺎت ﺑﺴـﯿﺎري از ﻣﺘﮑﻠﻤـﺎن ﻣﺴـﯿﺤﯽ اﺳـﺖ. از ﯾﮏﺳـﻮ ﺗﺮﻣﯿﻨﻮﻟـﻮژي و دﺳـﺘﮕﺎه ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﯽ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﮥ ﻫﺎﯾﺪﮔﺮ ﭘﯿﻮﻧﺪ ﻧﺰدﯾﮑﯽ ﺑﺎ اﻟﻬﯿﺎت دارد و از ﺳﻮي دﯾﮕﺮ، وي درﮔﯿﺮ ﯾﮏ ﻧﻘﺪ ﺑﻨﯿﺎناﻓﮑﻦ از ﻣﺘﺎﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ ﻏﺮﺑـﯽ و ﭘﯿﺎﻣﺪ آن، اﻟﻬﯿﺎت ﻣﺴﯿﺤﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ دﻟﯿﻞ ﻧﻤﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎدﮔﯽ از اﻧﺪﯾﺸﮥ وي ﯾﮏ ﮐﻼم ﻣﺴﯿﺤﯽ ﯾﺎ ﻫﺮ دﯾﻦ دﯾﮕـﺮي را اﻧﺘﻈﺎر داﺷﺖ. او در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮﻋﯽ اﻟﻬﯿﺎت ﻫﻤﺮاﻫﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ، ﺑﻪ ﺷـﺮﻃﯽ ﮐـﻪ اﯾـﻦ اﻟﻬﯿـﺎت، ﺗﺨﺮﯾـﺐ ﻣﺘﺎﻓﯿﺰﯾـﮏ ﯾـﺎ اﻧﺘﻮﺗﺌﻮﻟﻮژي را ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮ ﺧﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﭼﻨﯿﻦ اﻟﻬﯿﺎﺗﯽ در ﺣﺎل ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮد ﻧﯿﺴـﺖ و ﻣـﯽﺗـﻮان ﮔﻔـﺖ ﺧـﺪا و دﯾـﻦ ﻫﺎﯾﺪﮔﺮ در آﯾﻨﺪه ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮ ﻣﯽﺑﺮد، ﻧﻪ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ. ﻧﮑﺘﻪاي ﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﭘﯿﺶرو ﻣﯽﮐﻮﺷﺪ ﮔﻮﺷﺰد ﮐﻨﺪ اﯾﻦ اﺳـﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﺷـﺎﯾﺪ ﺗﻤﺮﮐـﺰ ﺑـﺮ زﻧﺪﮔﯽﻧﺎﻣﮥ ﻫﺎﯾﺪﮔﺮ ﯾﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺟﺴﺘﺎرﻫﺎ در اﻧﺪﯾﺸﮥ وي در ﺑﺎب اﻟﻬﯿﺎت، ﺳﺮﻧﺦﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮرﺳـﯽ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ﻓﻠﺴـﻔﮥ ﻫﺎﯾـﺪﮔﺮ و ﻣﻀﺎﻣﯿﻦ دﯾﻨﯽ ﺑﺎ اﻟﻬﯿﺎت ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ دﻫﺪ، ﻟﯿﮑﻦ اﻧﺪﯾﺸﯿﺪن ﺑﻪ دﯾﻦ ﯾﺎ اﻟﻬﯿﺎت آﯾﻨﺪه از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﻔﮑﺮ ﻫﺎﯾـﺪﮔﺮي ﻧﯿﺎزﻣﻨـﺪ ﺗﺄﻣـﻞ و ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﯿﻖﺗﺮ در ﻣﺘﻮن وي اﺳﺖ و ﭼﻪﺑﺴﺎ ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﺑﺮ زﻧﺪﮔﯽﻧﺎﻣﮥ ﻫﺎﯾﺪﮔﺮ و اﺻﺮار ﺑﺮ اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﻧﺎم آﺷﻨﺎي اﻟﻬﯿﺎﺗﯽ در ﺑﺮﺧﯽ از آﺛﺎر وي، راﻫﺰن ﻓﻬﻢ درﺳﺖ ﻏﺎﯾﺖ ﻓﮑﺮي او ﺷﻮد.

This article is intended to answer a decisive question about Heidegger’s thought, that is, the relationship between his philosophical thought and theological views. Heidegger’s thought is the subject of many disputes among Christian theologians. On the one hand, the terminology and conceptual system of Heidegger’s philosophy is closely related to theology, and on the other hand, he is involved in a fundamental critique of Western metaphysics and its consequence, Christian theology. For this reason, it is not possible to simply expect a Christian theology or any other religion from his thought. He can eventually be accompanied by a kind of theology, provided that this theology has the destruction of metaphysics or ontotheology behind it. Such theology does not exist at present and it can be said that Heidegger’s God and religion are in the future, not the past. The point that this article tries to bring up is that perhaps focusing on Heidegger’s biography or some delving into his thought about theology will give clues to investigate the relationship between Heidegger’s philosophy and religious contents with theology, but thinking about future religion or theology through Heidegger’s thinking needs deeper reflection and research in Heidegger’s texts, and most probably focusing on Heidegger’s biography and insisting on familiar theological terms in some of his works is an obstruction to the correct understanding of his intellectual purpose.