بررسي گفتمان خير و شر در شاهنامه فردوسي

The Study of Good and Evil discourse in Ferdowsis Shahname

ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﺮدوﺳﯽ، ﺑﯽﮔﻤﺎن ﺑﺰرگﺗﺮﯾﻦ و ﺑﺮﺗﺮﯾﻦ اﺛﺮ ﺣﻤﺎﺳﯽ ﺟﻬﺎن اﺳﺖ در اﯾﻦ اﺛﺮ ﺑﺰرگ، ﺷﺮح زﻧﺪﮔﯽ و ﺟﻨـﮓ ﻫـﺎي ﺣﺎﮐﻤـﺎن و آﻣـﺎل و آرزوﻫـﺎي اﻧﺴﺎنﻫﺎي زﯾﺎدي ﺑﯿﺎن ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﯾﮑﯽ از درون ﻣﺎﯾﻪﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎن اﯾﻦ اﺛﺮ ﻓﺮاﻣﻠّﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ، ﺳﺘﯿﺰ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺧﯿﺮ و ﺷﺮ اﺳـﺖ ﮐـﻪ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ داﺳﺘﺎنﻫﺎﯾﯽ زﯾﺒﺎ، رﯾﺨﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ- ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ و ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎن ﺧﯿﺮ و ﺷﺮ در ﺷـﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﮥ ﻓﺮدوﺳـﯽ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم رﺳﯿﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﮐﻪ اﻋﺘﻘﺎد ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد دو ﻗﻄﺐ اﻫﻮراﯾﯽ و اﻫﺮﯾﻤﻨﯽ، رﯾﺸﻪ در ﺑﺎورﻫﺎي اﺳﺎﻃﯿﺮي اﯾﺮاﻧﯿﺎن دارد و اﯾﻦ ﻋﻘﯿـﺪه در ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳـﺮ ﺷـﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﯿـﺰ اﻧﻌﮑﺎس ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. در ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻧﯿﺮوﻫﺎي ﺧﯿﺮ، ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﺮﯾﺪون و اﯾﺮج ﮐﻪ ﻧﻤﺎد ﺧﺮد و ﺧﯿﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ، ﺣﻀﻮر دارﻧﺪ، ﻧﯿﺮوﻫﺎي ﺗﺎرﯾﮑﯽ، ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺿـﺤﺎك و ﺗﻮر ﻧﯿﺰ، ﮐﻪ ﻧﻤﺎد ﺷﺮّ و ﻧﺎﺑﺨﺮدي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ، ﺑﻪ ﺳﺘﯿﺰه ﺑﺎ آﻧﺎن ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻟﻨﺪ. دﯾﻮﻫﺎ ﻧﻤﺎد ﺿﺪ ارزشﻫﺎ، و ﻗﻬﺮﻣﺎﻧﺎن ﻧﻤﺎد ارزشﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. اﯾـﻦ دو ﻧﯿـﺮو ﻫﻤـﻮاره در ﺣﺎل ﺟﺪاﻟﻨﺪ. ﻧﯿﺮوي ﺷﺮّ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازة ﻧﯿﺮوي ﺧﯿﺮ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﺳﺖ، ﺗﺎ ﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﮔﺎهﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ ﻧﯿﺮوﺳﺖ؛ اﻣﺎ ﺳﺮاﻧﺠﺎم ﻧﯿﺮوي ﺧﯿﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺷﺮّ ﺳﯿﻄﺮه ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ. ﺑﺎ وﺟـﻮد اﯾﻦ، ﺳﺘﯿﺰ ﻣﯿﺎن روﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ و ﺗﺎرﯾﮑﯽ ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﭘﺎﯾﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ، زﯾﺮا اﯾﻦ ﺳﺘﯿﺰ، ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺪاوم ﻫﺴﺘﯽ اﺳﺖ و اﮔﺮ ﭼﻨﺎن ﭼـﻪ ﯾﮑـﯽ از اﯾـﻦ دو ﻧﯿـﺮو ﺑـﻪ ﻃـﻮر ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺑﺮ دﯾﮕﺮي ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ، ﻫﺴﺘﯽ ﭘﺎﯾﺎن ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺖ.

Undoubetedly, Ferdowsi’s Shahname is one of the greatest and the most outstanding epic works in the world. In this great works the biography, the description of lord’s battles and the human kind’s hopes and dreams are stated great details. One of the motifs that receives less attention from the audience of this supernational works is the fighting between good and evil that is fictionalized beautifully. This thesis deals with the discourse between Good and Evil in FerdowsisShahname in which the life in two divine and Evil forces is deeply rooted in Persian mytheology and it is reflected in all parts of Shahname. In Shahname, whereever good persons like Fereydoon and Iraj, who are the symbol of good deed and wisdom are observed there are also Evil forces like Zahhak and Toor, who are the symbol of evil deed and imprudence are always in battle with them. Demons are the symbol of dishonesty, whereas heroes the symbol of honesty. These two foreces are always in comflict with each other. These evil forces are as strong as the good ones, In sofar as the evil forces sometimes defeat the good ones, but finally the good forces overcome. Still, the conflict between light and darkness never ends, because the conflict is the cause of the universe continuance and if one of these forces is completely eliminated, the universe ends.