ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ و ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮﻫﺎي ﻫﻨﺮي ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ در اﺷﻌﺎر ﺳﻌﺪي و ﭘﺘﺮارك ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﮐﯿﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻣﺼﻮر

Analysis and study on elements and artistic images of nature in Saadi’s and Petrarch’s lyrics with emphasis on illustrated copies

ﭼﮑﯿﺪه ﻧﻮﺷﺘﮥ ﭘﯿﺶ رو ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ اي اﺳﺖ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ، ﺑﯿﻦ ﻏﺰﻟﯿﺎت ﺳﻌﺪي و ﺳﻮﻧﺖ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺘﺮارك، ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎي زﯾﺒﺎﯾﯽ آﻓﺮﯾﻨﯽ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ، ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮﺳﺎزي ﻫﺎ و ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮﮔﺮاﯾﯽ ﻫﺎي ﺷﻌﺮي ﮐﻪ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺗﺸﺒﯿﻪ، اﺳﺘﻌﺎره و ﻧﻤﺎد ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ، ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺳﻌﺪي از ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮﯾﻦ و ﺳﺮآﻣﺪﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺷﺎﻋﺮان زﺑﺎن و ادﺑﯿﺎت ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ در ﻗﺮن ﻫﻔﺘﻢ ﻫﺠﺮي و ﭘﺘﺮارك از ﻣﺸﻬﻮرﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺷﺎﻋﺮان و ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﻗﺮن ﭼﻬﺎردﻫﻢ ﻣﯿﻼدي و ﻣﺸﻬﻮر ﺑﻪ ﭘﺪر اوﻣﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢ، ﮐﻪ اﺷﻌﺎر ﻋﺎﺷﻘﺎﻧﻪ اش او را ﻣﻌﺮوف ﮐﺮد. آﻧﭽﻪ در اوﻟﯿﻦ ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد ﺑﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻣﯽ ﺧﻮرد، ﻣﻀﻤﻮن واﺣﺪ در اﺷﻌﺎر ﻫﺮ دو ﺷﺎﻋﺮ در ﻧﮕﺎه ﺑﻪ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ اﺳﺖ. اﻣﺎ در ﻧﮕﺎﻫﯽ دﻗﯿﻖ ﺗﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻫﺎي آﻧﺎن ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﯾﻢ. ﻫﺮ دو ﺷﺎﻋﺮ در اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﺷﻘﺎﻧﮥ ﺧﻮد از ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ و ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ و ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ آن ﺑﻬﺮه ﺟﺴﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ و ﻫﺮ ﮐﺪام ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮاﺧﻮر ﺣﺎل ﺧﻮﯾﺸﺘﻦ و ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﺧﺎص، ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ را در اﺷﻌﺎر ﺧﻮﯾﺶ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر ﺑﺮده اﻧﺪ و ﺻﺤﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ زﯾﺒﺎ آﻓﺮﯾﺪه اﻧﺪ. اﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﺴﺎﻣﺪ اﯾﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ در ﻏﺰﻟﯿﺎت ﺳﻌﺪي ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ از ﺑﺴﺎﻣﺪ آﻧﻬﺎ در ﺳﻮﻧﺖ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺘﺮارك اﺳﺖ. ﺳﻌﺪي از اﯾﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﺎ اﺑﺰار ﺗﺸﺒﯿﻪ و ﭘﺘﺮارك از اﺳﺘﻌﺎره ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮده و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﭘﺘﺮارك از ﻧﻤﺎدﻫﺎي ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪه ﺗﺮي در ﺟﻬﺖ اﺑﻬﺎم ﺷﻌﺮي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮐﺮده و ﺳﻌﺪي از ﻧﻤﺎدﻫﺎي ﺳﺎده ﺗﺮ و ﮐﻤﺘﺮي ﮐﻤﮏ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. آﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺒﮏ و ﺳﻨّﺖ ﻫﺎي ادﺑﯽ دﯾﮕﺮ ﻣﻠﻞ، ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ را ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ و ﻋﻠﻮم آﻧﻬﺎ آﺷﻨﺎ ﻣﯽ ﺳﺎزد ﺑﻠﮑﻪ، ﮐﻤﮏ ﺑﺰرﮔﯽ در ﺟﻬﺖ ارﺗﻘﺎي ﻋﻠﻢ و داﻧﺶ و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﮐﺸﻮر ﻣﺎ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. روش ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﺎ روﯾﮑﺮد ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.

The present article is a comparative study to be done between Saadi’s sonnets and those of Petrarch. In this essaywe focus on some aesthetic aspects of nature, it’sillustrations and poetic imaging only in some form of similitude, metaphor and symbol. Saadi is one of the greatest and most important poets of Persian language and literature in the 7th century and on the other hand Petrarch is one of the most famous poets and writers of the 14th century and is known best as the father of Humanism, and his love lyrics made him famous in all of the world. What one can see at the first of all, is the only theme absolutely presented in the poems regards to nature. In this essay we tried to find some significant difference between the two. In the other words both poets used nature and its fundamental elements and manifestations in their romantic thoughts, and we can see in evidence that each of them used the elemental nature in their poems in a special way according to, let’s say, their mood and environment, and then created beautiful poetic scenes. However, the frequency of these elements in Saadi's sonnets is much higher than their frequency in Petrarch's sonnets. Saadi uses these elements such as metaphor with the most similar instruments of Petrarch, and Petrarch uses more complicated complex of symbols to explore the poem while Saadi uses more simple and minor symbols. Familiarity with the most literary styles and traditions of other Nations, not only introduces us to the field of the other culture and science, but also will make us to promote science, and culture of our own country and our own history. The search method in this essayis descriptive-analytical with a comparative approach.